Unearthing the opportunities for geotourism contained within the building stones of the Quality Lighthouse Hotel, Bunbury, Western Australia. Samantha J. Richards BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE This thesis is presented for Bachelor of Science honours in Environmental Management and Sustainability College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education Murdoch University 1 2020 I declare that: a) The thesis is an account of my own research, except where other sources are acknowledged. b) The extent to which the work of others has contributed to the thesis is clearly stated in each chapter and certified by my supervisor. c) The thesis contains as its main content, work which has not previously been submitted for a degree at any other university. Samantha Richards ORCID ID: 0000-0003-3879-7097 2 Acknowledgements Associate Professor David Newsome Thank you for allowing me to take part in the writing of a book chapter for Routledge’s Tourism Cities and having confidence in my ability to produce an interesting and readable manuscript despite having limited geotourism knowledge at the time. Thank you for entrusting me with addressing the reviewer’s comments in our Geoheritage journal article, these experiences have been invaluable to my educational growth. Finally thank you for sharing your enthusiasm and knowledge of Geotourism during the writing of my thesis, book chapter and journal article. Professor Neil Lonergan and Dr James Tweedley The independent study unit I completed with you which required me to write the report “Maximising survival of restocked prawns in the Swan-Canning Estuary: determining the influence of habitat on predation (2015)” taught me how to write a detailed scientific report to publishable standard (HD) and gave me a glimmer of what I might be capable of in the future. Mum and Dad Thank you for teaching me the value of education, a love of reading and an appreciation for the wonders of the natural world. You have always believed in me and encouraged me to continue learning. Murdoch University Vice-Chancellor Scholarship The University’s grant of $500 is acknowledged and gratefully appreciated, thank you. 3 Abstract Geotourism associated with urban environments can draw tourists to natural geoheritage features such as caves, outcrops of significant geology and cultural sites located close to or within cities. Geotourism experiences that lend themselves to the appreciation of geology in the urban environment often involve observing the varieties of building stones and structures in the built environment and capitalising on historic or iconic structures, which are major tourist attractions in world cities. Inspired by the diverse geology contained within the stone walls of the Quality Lighthouse Hotel, Bunbury WA, the purpose of this thesis is to provide a geotourism focused interpretation of three urban sites with potential geological interest within the city of Bunbury. Initially, four international case studies are presented to highlight the spectrum of geotourism experiences offered within the urban environment. Secondly, the abiotic features, geology, geomorphology and deep time of the four key building stones of the Quality Lighthouse Hotel are considered. The closing sections detail the cultural inspiration and influence that the stones have had on diverse groups of people who have participated in shaping the city of Bunbury. Cultural topics featured include mid-century architecture, European settlement and Noongar people’s connections with and uses of the Southwest regions’ landscape and geology. Keywords: Building stones, architecture, cultural values, visitor, engagement, urban geology, Geotourism, deep time, interpretation, Aboriginal Culture. 4 Table of Contents Thesis Declaration ii Acknowledgements iii Abstract iv Table of Contents v List of Figures and Tables viii Publications arising from this research xi CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The global geotourism phenomenon 1 1.2 Aims and objectives of the thesis 3 1.3 Structure of the thesis 3 CHAPTER 2 Appreciating geology in the urban environment 6 2.1 Introduction 6 2.2 Hong Kong UNESCO Global Geopark, China 7 2.3 Wieliczka Salt Mine, Kraków, Poland 11 2.4 Arthur’s Seat and the Salisbury Crags, Edinburgh, Scotland 14 2.5 Geoconservation at an urban geodiversity hotspot, Whitby, England 20 2.6 Future considerations and recommendations for policy development 30 2.7 Conclusions 32 CHAPTER 3 Methodology 34 3.1 Study Site 34 5 3.2 Site Visit 35 3.3 Documentary Research 36 CHAPTER 4 Indicative geotourism resources and linked cultural insights 37 4.1 Introduction 37 4 2 Lighthouse Hotel 40 4.2.1 Site description: 65 —56 Mya Palaeocene and 5.3—2.6 Mya Pliocene 40 4.2.2 Geology and geomorphology: laterite profile & ferruginous duricrust 41 4.2.3 Connection to Culture: Mid Century Modern Architecture (1970) 42 4.3 Bunbury Basalt 46 4.3.1 Site description: 123—127 Mya Cretaceous 46 4.3.2 Geology and geomorphology: basalt 46 4.3.3 Connection to Culture: European Settlement (1839) 48 4.4 Karta/Kaart Koombarra Marlston Hill Viewpoint 50 4.4.1 Site Description: 2750 Mya Archean — 2577 Mya Proterozoic 50 4.4.2 Geology and geomorphology: granite & gneiss 51 4.4.3 Connection to Culture: Elaap Wardandi Noongar people (0.45 Mya) 54 4.5 Concluding remarks 57 CHAPTER 5 Potential for geotourism product development in Bunbury and the Southwest region 59 5.1 Introduction 59 5.2 Stone walls and beyond, opportunities for geotourism in Bunbury and the Southwest region. 62 6 5.3 Connecting Aboriginal cultural tourism with geotourism 66 5.4 Concluding remarks 70 5.5 Further considerations 71 CHAPTER 6 Conclusions and recommendations 73 Reference list 76 7 List of figures and tables CHAPTER 2 Literature review Figure 2.1. Outcrop of hexagonal columns in rhyolitic lava, Hong Kong Geopark. Such features impress not only geologists and dedicated geo-tourists but the general tourist who is interested in natural phenomena. Lava is rarely seen on such an impressive scale. Figure 2.2. View Arthur’s Seat towering over the city of Edinburg. Figure 2.3. Headstones located in the cemetery area outside Whitby Abbey. They are made from sandstone derived from local quarries. Sedimentary bedding planes are visible as faint diagonal lines. Weathering of the rock surface over hundreds of years has obliterated the names and dedications that originally marked the surface of these headstones. Figure 2.4. View of Whitby Abbey and cliffs on the nearby coastline. Some of the rocks forming the cliff line are rich in fossils. Fossil collectors and beachcombers can find fossilised plant remains and an array of fossilised animals including dinosaur remains. CHAPTER 3 Methodology Figure 3.1 Map of Australia’s Southwest region indicating the location of Bunbury WA. Figure 3.2 Photographic record capturing the stones and architecture of the Lighthouse Hotel Bunbury. CHAPTER 4 Indicative geotourism resources and linked cultural insights. 4.1. Introduction 8 Table 4.1. Era, origin and processes which contributed to the formation of the stones from which the Lighthouse hotel was built. 4.2 The Lighthouse Hotel Figure 4.2.1. The Lighthouse Hotel, featuring the rubblestone masonry and Ferruginous duricrust of its retaining wall (foreground), ashlar stonework (top left) and arched window frame, reflecting 18th and 19th-century rustication techniques. Figure 4.2.2. Richardson Romanesque style arched doorway featuring ashlar (finely cut) stonework and rubblestone (uncut stone) wall (right) of the Lighthouse Hotel. 4.3 Bunbury Basalt Figure 4.3.1. Bunbury Basalt at Wyalup Beach showing hexagonal-shaped columnar jointing formed by the rapid cooling of volcanic lava and circular gas pockets Figure 4.3.2. Map indicating the underground occurrence of basalt, and the location of outcrops at Bunbury and Black Point where exposures of columnar jointed Bunbury Basalt can be viewed. Figure 4.3.3. Extract from Lt. Bunbury’s journal noting the columnar basalt at Wyalup Beach. 4.4 Karta Koombarra Figure 4.4.1 View of Koombana Bay from Karta Koombarra, the western edge of the Yilgarn Craton is visible in the distance. Figure 4.4.2 Section of the Lighthouse Hotel rock wall displaying basalt (fine- grained black rocks with no crystals discernible to the naked eye) and granites, some of which have been altered into a mild banded arrangement of minerals 9 as a result of metamorphism. Porphyritic granite (centre left above the basalt) shows large pink crystals of orthoclase feldspar. Figure 4.4.3. Gneiss in the Lighthouse Rock Wall. Note the banded texture of the rock. Metamorphic alteration of porphyritic granite has resulted in the formation of augen gneiss. Figure 4.4.4 Exert from George Fletcher Moore’s book Descriptive Australian Vocabulary detailing Noongar people’s oral history of the inundation of the W.A. coast. Table 4.2 Noongar language for some geological formations of the landscape and traditional tools. CHAPTER 5 Discussion Table 5.3. Types of geotourists and their motivations to participate in geotourism. Table 5.4. Regional breakdown of cultural tours offered by Aboriginal people in Western Australia 10 Publications arising from this research. Richards, S.J., Simpson, G.D., and Newsome, D.,2020. Appreciating geology in the urban environment. In Routledge Handbook of Tourism Cities (pp520-539). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429244605-36 ISBN 9780367199999. Richards, S.J., Newsome D and Simpson G.D., 2020. Geology, architecture, engaging the observer and geotourism potential of the Lighthouse Hotel Rock Wall, Bunbury, Western Australia. Geoheritage. DOI 10.1007/s12371-020-00503-1 11 CHAPTER 1 Introduction The global geotourism phenomenon Internationally, geotourism is a flourishing tourism market which seeks to engage the visiting public with the crucial influence that geology has on the abiotic, biotic and cultural aspects of a site, region or country (Newsome and Dowling 2010; Reynard and Brilha 2018; Dowling and Newsome 2018).