Empowered Lives. Resilient Nations. KENYA © Agostino, StockFreeImages.com © Agostino, National Marine Ecosystem Diagnostic Analysis (MEDA) Agulhas and Somali Current Large Marine Ecosystems (ASCLME) Project ASCLME Agulhas and Somali Current Large Marine Ecosystems Project The GEF unites 182 countries in partnership with international institutions, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and the private sector to address global environmental issues while supporting national sustainable development initiatives. Today the GEF is the largest public funder of projects to improve the global environment. An independently operating financial organization, the GEF provides grants for projects related to biodiversity, climate change, international waters, land degradation, the ozone layer, and persistent organic pollutants. Since 1991, GEF has achieved a strong track record with developing countries and countries with economies in transition, providing $9.2 billion in grants and leveraging $40 billion in co-financing for over 2,700 projects in over 168 countries. www.thegef.org UNDP partners with people at all levels of society to help build nations that can withstand crisis, and drive and sustain the kind of growth that improves the quality of life for everyone. On the ground in 177 countries and territories, we offer global perspective and local insight to help empower lives and build resilient nations. www.undp.org The content of this publication was made possible by the UNDP supported GEF Financed Agulhas and Somali Current Large Marine Ecosystems Project, together with significant support from many Kenyan institutions (listed in Acknowledgements) and particularly by the coordinating efforts of the Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI), the national focal point institution. This document may be cited as: ASCLME 2012. National Marine Ecosystem Diagnostic Analysis. Kenya. Contribution to the Agulhas and Somali Current Large Marine Ecosystems Project (supported by UNDP with GEF grant financing). ODINAFRICAThe contributions of the Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association (WIOMSA) in supporting this publication are gratefully acknowledged. 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 00 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 001 1 011 00 1000 11 11001 001 00001100 The contributions of the Ocean Data Information Network of Africa (ODINAFRICA) in supporting 1001 00110011 10011001100110011001100110011000011 this publication are gratefully acknowledged. The views expressed in this publication may not necessarily reflect those of the GEF, UNDP, or other UN agencies or project partner institutions/organisations. Neither does it imply any opinion whatsoever as to the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, of its authorities, or of the delineation of its territories or boundaries. e 36° 37° 38° 39° 40° Guenal 41° 42° Negēlē SOUTH Konso SUDAN Administrative 5° Boundary 5° Yabelo KENYA Houdat D Kelem aw a Ch'ew Bahir Todenyang ETHIOPIA Banya Sabarei Lokichokio Mega Dolo Odo Sibiloi National Park 4 4 ° Lake Turkana Banissa ° Ramu Mandera Kakuma (Lake Rudolf) Kaabong Lokwa Kangole Central I. Central Island N. P. Moyale Takaba North Horr Lodwar 3 3 ° l ° e El Wak w Buna k Loiyangalani El Beru Hagia r u South I. T Moroto South Island N. P. Lokichar Marsabit Marsabit National Park UGANDA Tarbaj 2° Lokori EASTERN Girito 2° South Turkana Nat. Reserve L. Bisinga Baragoi Wajir L. Oputa Losai National Reserve m a Laisamis u S RIFT VALLEY L aga B o r Tot Mbale Mount Elgon N. P. Maralal Game Sanctuary Maralal Log Dif 1 Kitale o a 1 ° ir Habaswein Bo ° Archer's g' g Kisima a SOMALIA Post o N l Lorule Ewas Tororo WESTERN L. Baringo Mado Gashi Webuye Eldoret Busia Marigat Shaba Nat. Res. NORTH- Kinna Liboi Butere Kakamega Nyahururu Isiolo EASTERN Bisanadi a (Thomson's Falls) Meru er Bilis Qooqaani Nanyuki Nat. Res. Rahole Nat. Lak D Meru Nat. Reserve Solai Hagadera L 0° Kisumu Mt. Kenya Park 0° a Londiani 5199 m k T e Nakuru Mt. Kenya Nat. Park North Kora National a na Aberdares Kericho Molo Kitui Reserve Nyeri N. P. Mfangano I. Nat. Garissa V Homa Bay Gilgil Res. i CENTRAL Embu c Kisii t Naivasha o NYANZA Murang'a r L. Naivasha Nguni i a Masinga 1 Thika Mwingi 1 ° Migori Narok Reservoir Bura ° NAIROBI Kolbio Buur Gaabo AREA Arawale Nat. Res. Nairobi Kitui Hola Kaambooni Musoma Masai Mara Nat. Res. Machakos Boni Nat. Res. A t h Tana River Primate Nat. Res. i L. Magadi Kajiado South Kitui Nat. Res. Dodori Nat. Res. Magadi Sultan-Hamud 2° 2° KENYA Garsen Lamu Pate I. Lake Kibwezi Lamu I. Manda I. Natron Namanga Amboseli Nat. Park COAST L. Amboseli Mtito Andei Tsavo East National Park Ungama Bay Tsavo 3° Kilimanjaro Galana 3° 5895 m Tsavo Tsavo West Malindi Moshi Nat.Park Arusha Voi National capital Taveta Provincional capital Kilifi INDIAN Nyumba Ya Mungi Town, village Reservoir Mariakanii OCEAN Airport 4° Same 4° International boundary Mombasa Shimba Hills Nat. Park Provincional boundary Main road The boundaries and names shown and the designations Secondary road UNITED used on this map do not imply official endorsement or Moa acceptance by the United Nations. Other road or track REPUBLIC OF 5° Railroad TANZANIA Wete 0 50 100 150 5° Tanga Korogwe 0 25 50 75 100 mi 34° 35° 36° 37° 38° 39° Pemba I. 40° 41° 42° Map No. 4187 Rev. 3 UNITED NATIONS Department of Field Support December 2011 Cartographic Section Table of Contents Table of Contents Preamble .................................................................................................................................... iv Executive Summary .................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................. viii Contributing Institutions .......................................................................................................... ix List of Acronyms .......................................................................................................................... x 1. Country Overview ................................................................................................................... 1 2. Biophysical Environment ....................................................................................................... 2 2.1 The coastal region and its distinctive features ............................................................................................................. 2 2.2 Climate ...................................................................................................................................................................... 3 2.3 Marine and coastal geology and geomorphology .......................................................................................................... 3 Geology ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3 2.4 Freshwater resources and drainage ............................................................................................................................. 4 Coastal Lakes ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 2.5 Physical Oceanography ............................................................................................................................................... 5 2.5.1 Coastal hydrodynamics and offshore current systems .............................................................................................................................................. 5 2.5.2 Tidal regime and waves ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 6 2.5.3 Sea level change ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 2.5.4 Ocean temperature .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 7 2.5.5 Salinity patterns ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 2.5.6 Ocean-atmosphere interaction ................................................................................................................................................................................. 8 2.6 Chemical and Biological Oceanography ........................................................................................................................ 9 2.6.1 Nutrients .................................................................................................................................................................................................................