THE RISE AND FALL OF THE ANGLO-SAXON AUTOCRACY Vladimir Moss © Copyright: Vladimir Moss, 2014. All Rights Reserved. 1 2 INTRODUCTION 5 HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION: ROMAN, CELTIC AND GERMANIC KINGSHIP 8 I. ORIGINS: FROM KENT TO WESSEX (597-871) 18 1. THE CONVERSION OF ANGLO-SAXON ENGLAND 19 2. THE SCHOOL OF YORK 26 3. KING OFFA OF MERCIA 30 4. CHARLEMAGNE, ROME AND CONSTANTINOPLE 34 5. FROM MERCIA TO WESSEX 41 6. MARTYR-KING EDMUND OF EAST ANGLIA 47 II. RISE AND FIRST FALL: FROM ALFRED THE GREAT TO AETHELRED THE UNREADY (871-1016) 54 7. KING ALFRED THE GREAT, THE ENGLISH DAVID 55 8. KING ALFRED THE GREAT, THE ENGLISH SOLOMON 60 9. ATHELSTAN, CONQUEROR OF THE NORTH 66 10. ST. DUNSTAN AND THE MONASTIC REVIVAL 72 11. THE ANTI-MONASTIC REACTION 91 12. THE RETURN OF THE NORTHMEN 98 13. THE VENGEANCE OF ST. EDMUND 113 14. THE YEAR OF THE THREE KINGS 117 15. THE ANGLO-SAXON AUTOCRACY 121 III. RISE AND SECOND FALL: FROM CNUT THE DANE TO WILLIAM THE BASTARD (1016-1087) 124 16. CNUT, ENGLAND AND THE CONTINENT 125 17. CNUT AND OLAF THE SAINT 132 18. THE MURDER OF PRINCE ALFRED 137 3 19. KING EDWARD THE CONFESSOR (1) 139 20. THE SCHISM OF 1054 AND THE NORMANS 144 21. KING EDWARD THE CONFESSOR (2) 151 22. KING HAROLD AND THE NORMAN CONQUEST 166 23. THE HARROWING OF THE NORTH (1066-1070) 180 24. DOOMSDAY (1070-1087) 187 EPILOGUE: THE NORMAN CONQUEST AND EUROPE 203 4 INTRODUCTION In her work on the battle of Hastings in 1066, the historian Harriet Harvey Wood writes that the battle “wiped out overnight a civilisation that, for its wealth, its political arrangements, its arts, its literature and its longevity, was unique in Dark Age Europe, and deserves celebration. In the general instability, lawlessness and savagery of the times, Anglo-Saxon England stood out as a beacon.”1 This work proposes to examine the “political arrangements” of this great and still little-known civilization, and in particular the Anglo-Saxon, or English Orthodox autocracy. Why “Orthodox”, and why “autocracy”? The answer to these questions will become clearer in the course of this book, but here we can say briefly the following. First, Anglo-Saxon England was “Orthodox”, because her faith differed in no way from the faith of Eastern Orthodoxy, while the fall of Anglo-Saxon England in 1066 coincided with the introduction of the new faith of Roman Catholicism. For in 1054 the Roman papacy and Eastern Orthodoxy had anathematized each other, creating the schism that persists to this day. And when he conquered England, William the Conqueror showed, by his violence to the old faith and faithfulness to the new “reformed” papacy, that he was Roman Catholic rather than Orthodox. Secondly, Anglo-Saxon England’s governmental structure was “autocratic”, by which we mean that it was neither despotic, nor constitutional, but was of the type found in Orthodox Eastern Europe, being based on the idea of the “symphony of powers” formulated by the Emperor Justinian. The ideal of a harmony, or “symphony”, between the religious and political leadership of a people, and with the people itself, has been rarely realized in history. Still rarer has been the realization of a Christian symphony of powers, in which the people and its religious and political leaders have been united with each other and with the true God, Jesus Christ, through a common confession of the true faith and an agreement on how to confess that faith in the world. We can count such rare moments on the fingers of one hand: the Byzantine Macedonian dynasty from the ninth to the eleventh centuries; the Georgian Bagratid dynasty from the eleventh to the thirteenth centuries; the Serbian Nemanja dynasty from the thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries; the Kievan Riurik dynasty from the tenth to the thirteenth centuries, resurrected from the fourteenth to the sixteenth centuries; and the Muscovite Romanov dynasty in the seventeenth century. All of these dynasties belonged to the Eastern Orthodox tradition. But perhaps the most perfect – and certainly the least well-known – example of the attainment of “symphony” comes from Western Orthodoxy: the English Orthodox kingdom founded by King Alfred the Great in the ninth century and brought to a bloody end by William the Conqueror two hundred years later, in 1066. 1 Wood, The Battle of Hastings: the Fall of Anglo-Saxon England, London: Atlantic, 2008, p. 2. 5 This book studies the rise and fall of this kingdom, beginning with the Romano- Celtic beginnings of British statehood, and with the seven forerunners of the All- English kingdom formed at the coming of the Roman missionaries to England in the year 597. We shall trace the struggle to attain symphony first on a provincial level, that of the seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in different parts of England in the seventh century; then the failed attempts to attain national unity under this or that provincial king in the eighth and the first half of the ninth centuries, culminating in the near- destruction of the whole of English Orthodox civilization by the Vikings; then the attainment of national unity under King Alfred, and the partial inclusion of the non- English races of Britain, the Celts and the Danes, into this unity by Alfred’s successors, especially Athelstan, up to the time of King Edgar the Peaceable; then the destruction of this unity by the second wave of Viking invasions, and its resurrection under the Anglo-Danish monarchy of King Cnut; and finally the fall of the English Orthodox kingdom to what we may call the third Viking wave, that of the Normans, in 1066, with the consequences of the Norman-Papist Conquest for the English people and Western Christian civilization in general. It is hoped that this study of the origins, rise and fall of the English Orthodox kingdom will be of interest and profit not only to those Englishmen who seek to rediscover their country’s heritage before it was torn away from the One, Holy, Orthodox-Catholic and Apostolic Church in the eleventh century. May it also help Orthodox Christians of other nations to rediscover the ideal of Romanitas (in Latin) or Romeiosyne (in Greek) – that is, the ideal of symphonic harmony between all the spiritual, political and cultural forces of a nation, or family of nations, under the banner of the Orthodox Christian Faith. For “without a vision the people fails” – and the people has never been in greater need of this wonderful vision, so wonderfully realized in the English Orthodox kingdom of early medieval times, in order to reignite its faith in the twenty-first century. My debts are very many, and will be enumerated as fully as possible in the footnotes. I should like to make particular mention of E.A. Freeman, the nineteenth- century historian who in his massive work on the Norman Conquest first began – dimly, but truly – to see the full significance of 1066 for the English national consciousness; Sir Frank Stenton, whose Anglo-Saxon England, is still the best one- volume introduction to the subject; and Fr. Andrew Phillips, whose pioneering work on the relationship between Anglo-Saxon England and Eastern Orthodoxy has been an inspiration to me. It goes without saying that I, and I alone, am responsible for any mistakes or misconceptions in the text. Through the prayers of our holy Fathers, and especially of all the saints of the British Isles, Lord Jesus Christ, have mercy on us! May 10/23, 2013. Holy Apostle Simon the Zealot, who preached in Britain. 6 7 HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION: ROMAN, CELTIC AND GERMANIC KINGSHIP When a band of forty Roman missionary monks landed in England in 597, they were renewing what had already been a most important element in British history – the relationship with Rome. Since Julius Caesar’s abortive invasions of 55 and 54 BC, and the Emperor Claudius’ successful invasion of 43 AD, two-thirds of the island of Britain had been incorporated into the Roman empire. This had paved the way for the coming of the apostles: no less than three of the sacred band of the twelve Holy Apostles – Peter2, Paul3 and Simon the Zealot4 – are said to have evangelized in Britain, and Peter and Paul, of course, are the “Roman” Apostles par excellence. It was from Rome that the Apostle Paul sent the first missionaries to England – the holy Apostle Aristobulus, first Bishop of Britain, and, probably, St. Joseph of Arimathea.5 Christianity expanded slowly and fitfully in Britain after the apostles. And so in the year 156, according to the Venerable Bede, the first-known British Christian King, Lucius, known in the Welsh sources as Lleuver Mawr, “the Great Light”, was forced to send beyond the seas for missionaries to restore the Apostolic Faith – and it was to 2 The Church historian Eusebius, writing in about 315, said that “the apostles went beyond the ocean to the islands that are called British”. According to The Great Synaxarion of the Orthodox Church (June 29), it was while St. Peter was in Britain that an angel appeared to him and told him to go to Rome to suffer. 3 According to Venantius Fortunatus (c. 580), St. Paul himself “visited Britain and furthest Thule”. St. Clement of Rome (first century) says that Paul taught “the whole world and to the limits of the West”. And Blessed Theodoret of Cyr (c. 415) says that “on being liberated from his first captivity in Rome, he preached the Gospel to the Britons and others in the West”. See R.W.