Europe’s Future : Open Innovation Open Science Open to the World Reflections of the RISE Group Research and Innovation Europe’s Future: Open Innovation, Open Science, Open to the World European Commission Directorate-General for Research and Innovation Directorate A – Policy Development and Coordination Unit A2 – Open Data Policy and Science Cloud Contact Johan Stierna E-mail [email protected] [email protected] European Commission B-1049 Brussels Printed by Publications Office in Luxembourg. Manuscript completed in March 2017. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of the following information. More information on the European Union is available on the internet (http://europa.eu). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2018 Print ISBN 978-92-79-92561-0 doi:10.2777/514910 KI-03-18-145-EN-C PDF ISBN 978-92-79-92562-7 doi:10.2777/348700 KI-03-18-145-EN-N © European Union, 2018 Reuse is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. The reuse policy of European Commission documents is regulated by Decision 2011/833/EU (OJ L 330, 14.12.2011, p. 39). For any use or reproduction of photos or other material that is not under the EU copyright, permission must be sought directly from the copyright holders. Cover images: © kaer_fstoc, #99658152, 2016; © Orlando Forin, #74186248, 2017. Source: Fotolia.com. European Commission Europe’s Future : Open Innovation Open Science Open to the World Reflections of the Research, Innovation and Science Policy Experts (RISE) High Level Group March 2017 “[First,] our actions must always reflect European values of openness and diversity, if we are serious about using European research and innovation for something greater than our own gain. [And second,] we have to embrace change – try new things and be willing to take risks – if we want European research and innovation to remain at the forefront of modernity and economic growth.” Carlos Moedas1 1) European Commissioner for Research, Science and Innovation. The quote is from Lund Revisited: Next Steps in Tackling Societal Challenges, Lund, 4 December 2015. 2018 Directorate-General for Research and Innovation TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ....................................................................................................................................................................6 Commissioner Carlos Moedas RISE High-Level Expert group 2016 ..........................................................................................................8 Executive Summary .........................................................................................................................................10 Chapter 1: On the impact of research and innovation: untapping the potential of openness..................................................................................................................................19 1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................................21 1.2 The impact of openness on economic growth: an overview of the debate ..............................................22 1.3 Open innovation, the diffusion of knowledge and productivity growth .......................................................28 1.4 The diffusion deficit and economic convergence .....................................................................................................35 1.5 Digitalisation of the Knowledge-Innovation nexus .................................................................................................46 1.6 Policy Implications .....................................................................................................................................................................55 Chapter 2: Open Science ...............................................................................................................................57 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................. 59 2.2 Open science: A framework to foster quality of research ................................................................................ 60 2.3 Funding and Career Advancement in an Open Science Environment......................................................... 65 2.4 Scholarly publishing and peer-reviewing in open access .................................................................................. 73 2.5 Open Data: Challenges for implementation and possible solutions ........................................................... 82 2.6 Open Science and Research Integrity ........................................................................................................................... 87 2.7 Policy Implications ................................................................................................................................................................... 92 3 Chapter 3: Open to the World ....................................................................................................................95 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................................97 3.2 Science, Technology and Innovation for Sustainable Development..............................................................99 3.3 Science Diplomacy .................................................................................................................................................................106 3.4 Tools for Science Diplomacy in the EU .......................................................................................................................113 3.5 Policy Implications ..................................................................................................................................................................118 Chapter 4: Open Innovation: the need for a new policy narrative ......................................121 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................123 4.2 Open innovation: An emerging and increasingly important topic ................................................................124 4.3 The European Innovation Council: strategic reflections .....................................................................................128 4.4 Pro-Innovation Regulation .................................................................................................................................................143 Chapter 5: Conclusions and Policy Outlook .....................................................................................153 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................155 5.2 The 21st Century productivity paradox ........................................................................................................................156 5.3 Broad policy challenges ......................................................................................................................................................157 Appendices ........................................................................................................................................................................................161 Appendix 1: The Mallorca Declaration on Open Science ...........................................................................................163 Appendix 2: Funding Mechanisms: A Case Study on Translational Oncology ...............................................165 Appendix 3: Climate-KIC: a knowledge innovation community .............................................................................179 References .........................................................................................................................................................195 Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................................219 4 FOREWORD 6 FOREWORD There is no doubt that science and innovation I encourage readers to engage in a broad reflection are playing an increasingly important role in and debate throughout Europe on the economic shaping Europe’s future. For Europe to maintain its and societal policy rationale for an open EU leading position in fundamental research, cutting Research and Innovation strategy. This book edge innovation and addressing global societal illustrates how we can improve productivity of our challenges, openness is a pre-requisite. Without R&I investments and helps us design instruments openness, research and innovation will not be able for research and innovation to drive a dynamic to reach its full potential, serve our citizens and European project. ensure a sustainable, dynamic economy and a better society for generations to come. I am grateful to the members of RISE High-Level Expert group for the thoughts and ideas that contribute to my political agenda of Open Science, Open Innovation and