MICHAEL SULLIVAN Copyrighted ma: THE ARTS OF CHINA Michael Sullivan THE ARTS OF CHINA Third Edition University of California Press Berkeley • Los Angeles • London opyriyrutju mditjridi University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England Copyright © 1967. 1973. >977. 1984 by Michael Sullivan. All rights reserved. Library ofCongress Cataloging in Publication Data Sullivan, Michael, 1916- Thc arts of China. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Art, Chinese. I. Title. N7340.S92 1983 709'. $1 82-16027 ISBN 0-520-04917-9 ISBN 0-520-04918-7 (pbk.) Printed in the United States of America I i Copyrighted material to Khoan Copyrighted material Contents List of Maps and Illustrations ix Preface to the Third Edition xix Chronological Tabic of Dynasties xxii Reign Periods of the Ming and Ch'ing Dynasties xxiii 1. Before the Dawn of History 1 2. The Shang Dynasty 12 3. The Chou Dynasty 31 4. The Period of the Warring States 40 5. The Ch'in and Han Dynasties 34 6. The Three Kingdoms and the Six Dynasties 85 7. The Sui and T'ang Dynasties 114 8. The Five Dynasties and the Sung Dynasty 141 9. The Yuan Dynasty 179 10. The Mini: 1 )ynasty 198 11. The Ch'ing Dynasty 223 12. The Twentieth Century 24S Notes to the Text 265 Books, for Reference and Further Reading 269 Index 273 Co 5 9 List of Maps and Illustrations MAPS 8 Pitcher. Ht. 29.7 cm. Excavated at Wei-fang. Shan- tung. People's Republic of China, page 10 1 Modern China, page xxi 9 Hsien steamer. Excavated at Chcngchow. Honan, 2 China in the Neolithic period, page 4 page it 3 Ancient China with major Shang and Chou Dynasty 10 Scraper or dagger. L. about 13 cm. Excavated in Pi- sites, page 14 hsien. Kiangsu. People's Republic of China, page 11 4 China in the Warring States period, page 41 1 1 Ritual vessel, dunk. Ht. 25.6 cm. Excavated at Yen- 5 China in the Han Dynasty, pagers ihik, Honan. Cultural Office ofHonan, Yen-shih- hsien. page it 6 China during the Three Kingdoms and Six I )ynas- ties period, page 86 12 Ritual vessel, ting. Ht. 100 cm. Excavated at Chcngchow, Honan. People's Republic of China. 7 The spread of Buddhism from India into central and Photo by Seth Joel, page 13 eastern Asia, page 97 1 3 Ritual vessel, ting. Ht. 4X cm. Excavated at P'an- 8 China in the T'ang Dynasty, page 115 lung-ch'eng, Hupei. Hupei Provincial Museum, 9 Ch'ang-an in the T'ang Dynasty, page 116 page 13 10 China in the Sung Dynasty, page 142 1 4 Reconstruction of a house- at Hsiao-t'un, Anyang. After Shih Ch'ang-ju and Kwang-chih Clung, page 17 1 1 Kiln sites in the Hangchow area, page 176 1 Replica of excavated tomb at Wu-ku.m-ts'un, 12 Artistic centres ofsoutheastern China, page 201 5 An- yang, page 18 16 Carriage burial, showing bronze fittings in place, ILLUSTRATIONS Anyang, page iq 17 Ritual vessel, tsun. Ht. 22.8 cm. Found near Chang- 1 Pan-p'o-ts'un, Shensi. Part of the Neolithic village- sha, Hunan Hunan Provincial Museum, page it) after excavation; now a museum, page 2 Pan-p'o-ts'un, Shensi. Neolithic houses, recon- 18 Ox-head. 1 . 29.21 m. Excavated ai I lou-< hia- Sinica, structed. After Kwang-chih Chang, page 6 chuang, Anyang. Acidemia Taipei, page ta Ht. Freer Gallery of 3 Bowl. Diam. 18 cm. Excavated at P'ci-hsicn. 19 Urn. 33.2 cm. From Anyang. Art, Washington, D.C.page 20 Kiangsu. People's Republic of China, page 7 20 Ttun vase. zH.z Excavated al 4 Jar. Ht. 17.2 cm. Excavated in Ning-yang-hsien, Hi. cm. Chcngchow, Shantung. People's Republic of China, pagf) Honan. People's Republic of China, page 21 5 Bowl. Diam. 44.5 cm. Excavated in Pan-p'o-ts'un, 21 Ya-hsing. page 22 Shensi. People's Republic of China, page 8 22 Sectional clay moulds for bronze-casting. After 6 Stcmcup. Ht. 19.2 cm. Excavated at Wei-fang. Shih Ch'ang-ju and Kwang-chih Chang, page 22 Shantung. Peoples Republic of China, page 8 23 Ritual vessel, Jang ting. Ht. 42. 5 cm. From the tomb 7 Funerary urn. Ht. 40 cm. Excavated at Pan-shan, of Fu Hao, Anyang. Institute of Archaeology, Peking, Kansu. Ostasiatiska Museet, Stockholm, page page 22 ix Copyrighted material j 24 Major types of Shang and Chou bronze vessels. 46 Ritual vessel, hu. Ht. 60.6cm. Center of Asian Art After Kwang-chih Chang, page 23 and Culture, the Avery Brundagc Collection, San Francisco, page 36 25 Ritual vessel, yu. Ht. 36.5 cm. Freer Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., page 24 47 Ritual vessel, hu. Ht. 52 cm. People's Republic of China, page 36 26 Ritual vessel, chia. Ht. 33 cm. Center of Asian Art and Culture, the Avery Brundagc Collection, San 48 Ritual and funerary jades, page 37 Francisco, page 2$ 49 Ritual tube, tsung. Ht. 21.5 cm. British Museum, 27 Ritual vessel, li-ho. Ht. 25.4 cm. Center of Asian London, page 38 Art and Culture, the Avery Drundage Collection, San 50 Jar. Ht. 27.5 cm. From a tomb at Pei-yao-ts'un, Francisco, page 2$ Loyang, Honan. People's Republic of China, page 38 28 Ritual vessel, p'ou. Ht. 20.4 cm. The Scligman Col- 51 Chariot burial. Lui-li-ko, Hui-hsien, Honan, lection, the Arts Council of Great Britain, London, page 42 page 25 52 Mythical winged animal. L. about 40 cm. From 29 Ritual vessel, kuang. Ht. 24. 2 cm. Fogg Museum of Shih-chia-chuang, Hopei. People's Republic of China, Art, Cambridge, Mass., page 26 PW43 30 Ritual vessel, chia. Ht. 34.2 cm. Nelson Gallery- 53 Ritual vessel, ling, with reversible cover, "Li-yu Atkins Museum, Kansas City, Mo., page 26 style." Ht. 23.5 cm. Center of Asian Art and Culture, the Avery Brundage Collection, San Francisco, 3 1 Ritual vessel, ku. Ht. 33.2 cm. City Art Museum, page St. Louis, Mo. , page 26 44 pien-hu. 32 Ritual vessel, tsun. Ht. 47 cm. Excavated at Funan, 54 Flask, Ht. 31.1 cm. Freer Gallery of Art, Anhui. People's Republic of China, page 27 Washington, D.C., page 44 55 Ritual vessel, ting. Ht. 1 5.2 cm. Probably from 33 Dagger-axe, ko. L. 28 cm. From Anyang. A. Hells- trdm Collection, Molndal, page 2? Chin-ts'un, Loyang. The Minneapolis Institute of Arts, page 44 34 Axe, ch'i. Ht. about 28 cm. From Yi-tu, Shantung. 56 Harness plaques. Upper, 1. 1 1.4 cm., Freer Gallery People 's Republic of China, page 27 of Art, Washington, D.C.;lower, 1. 11.5cm., British 5 Knife with ibex head. L. 27. 5 cm. From Anyang, 3 Museum, London, page 43 page 28 57 Bell./w. Ht. 66.4 cm. Freer Gallery of Art, Wash- 36 Stone andjadc figurines. Ht. 7-9 cm. From the ington, D.C., page 43 tomb of Fu Hao. Institute of Archaeology, Peking, 58 Bell, po. Detail of decoration on top. Freer Gallery page 29 of Art, Washington. D C , p*g> 46 37 Axe-blade. L. 15.9cm. From Anyang. Center of Rack of bells from tomb at Sui-hsien, Hupei. Ht. Asian Art and Culture, the Avery Brundagc Collec- 59 273 cm. Hupei Provincial Museum, Wuhan, page tion, San Francisco, pagejo 46 60 Striking the bells. From a rubbing of a third-cen- 38 Chime carved with tiger design. L. 84 cm. From tury A.D. stone relief in the tomb at I-nan, Shantung, tomb at Wu-kuan-ts'un. Anyang. People's Republic of page 46 China, page 30 61 Ritual vessel, hu. Ht. 39.3 cm. Center of Asian Art 39 Carved bone handle. L. 15 cm. Excavated at An- and Culture, the Avery Brundage Collection, San yang. Acadcmia Sinica, Taipei, page 30 Francisco, page 47 40 Hoard of bronzes. Excavated at Chuang-po, Fu- 62 Belt-hook. L. 15.7cm. Fogg Art Museum, Cam- feng, Shensi. Photo Cultural Relics Bureau, Peking. bridge, Mass., Grenville R. Winthrop Bequest. page page j 47 4 1 Tiger, one of a pair. L . 75 . 2 cm . Freer Gallery of 63 Miniature vessels. Excavated at Ch'ang-p'ing. Peo- Art, Washington, DC, page 33 ple's Republic of China, page 48 42 Ritual vessel, lei. Ht. 45.2 cm. From K'o-tso-hsicn, 64 Covered bowl. Ht. 16.5 cm. Probably from Shou- Liaoning. Liaoning Provincial Museum, page 33 chou. Anhui. Honolulu Academy of Arts, page 49 43 Ritual vessel, Jang-i. Ht. 35. 1 cm. Freer Gallery of 65 Sketch of reconstructed tomb showing lining of Art, Washington, D.C., page 35 pit. tomb chamber, and triple coffin. Ma-wang-tui, 44 Ritual vessel, yi. L. 36.5 cm. British Museum, Lon- Changsha, Hunan. Drawn by David Mcltzcr. © 1974 don, Mrs. Walter Sedgwick Bequest, page 36 National Geographic Society, page 30 45 Ritual vessel, kuei. Ht. 30.4 cm. Nelson Gallery- 66 Painted figurines from tombs at Changsha, Hunan. Atkins Museum, Kansas City, Mo , page 36 After Kwang-chih Chang, page 30 x Copyrighted material 67 Cult object or guardian in the form of a homed, 88 The archer Yi, the Fu-sang tree, and a mansion. De- long-tongued creature eating a snake. Ht. 195 cm.