Index Ab-i-Estada reserve, Afghanistan, 295 Ainu, and sovereignty over Kuriles, 265 Academicians, and practitioners, 335, 339 Ais-Ais/Richtersveld Transfrontier Park, 76 Action, as identity need, 111 Ajar Valley Wildlife Reserve, Afghanistan, Afghanistan, 291–94, 309–11 295 conservation in, 294, 303, 305, 307, 308, Akademik Sergei Vavilov (Russian ship), 174 310 Akagera National Park, Rwanda, 27 Environment Act (2006) in, 307–308 Al Ahwar marshes, 313–16. See also and Pamirs Conservancy, 302 Hawizeh-Azim marshes peace parks for 294, 295–302, 303–304, biodiversity heritage of, 316–17 308 cultural heritage of, 317–18, 320–21 protected areas in, 293, 295–98, 300, 303, desiccation of (long-term), 319–20 304–309, 310–11 diversion of water supply from, 316, 328 in Sistan wetlands dispute, 298, 308 draining of, 314–15, 319–20 Transitional Government of (TGA), 293, heritage of (al-Khayoun), 329 294, 297 international efforts on behalf of, 326–27 Africa, 127. See also Southern Africa; West Iraqi efforts on behalf of, 327 Africa; individual countries restoration and conservation potential of, border tensions in, 75 320 Great Lakes region of, 8, 37, 78 Saddam’s draining of, 319 and regionalism, 73, 77–78 Alaska Solution (Kuriles), 266 African Union, 75 Al Azim marsh, Iran, 315 African Wildlife Foundation, 23 Albania, peace park proposed for, 75 Aga Khan Development Network, 303 Algiers Agreement (1975), 318 Aga Khan Rural Support Program (AKRSP), Al Hammar marsh, Iraq, 315 302, 303 Al Hawizeh marsh, Iraq, 315, 320 Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Ali, Aamir, 284, 285 Antarctic Fauna and Flora (1964), 170, Al-Jaafari, Ibrahaim, 327 173 Alternative futures, for Siachen region, 284– Agreement Protocol for Transhumance 88 (1989), 130 Alternative livelihood initiatives, in Agriculture Afghanistan, 297, 305–306 as encroaching on PPFC buffer zone, 151 Alwash, Azzam, 322–23 need to improve (Afghanistan), 310 Amar Appeal, 322 380 Index AMAR international charitable foundation, Afghanistan funding by, 304, 307 and Marsh Arabs, 319 Afghanistan report of, 293–94, 297 American Association for the Advancement Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation of Science (AAAS), and Karakoram (APEC), 72 Science Project, 287 Assessment Angola in Peace and Conflict Impact Assessment, in alliance, 78 31 (see also Peace and Conflict Impact UNITA in, 26 Assessment) Antarctica, 12, 167–69 transboundary-conservation need for, 38 backseat sovereignty in, 178–80 Australia, and Antarctica, 164, 170, 171, dealing with incidents in, 172–76 172 and environmental cooperation, 165–66 Autonomous region, as peace-park parallel, and ‘‘governance without government,’’ 178–79 163–64 Aversion, common (cooperation pathway), harmony-and-denial system for, 163, 171– 277, 288, 335 72, 180 management of activities in, 164–65 Babbit, Bruce, 212, 215–16 permit process for, 176 Bahia Paraiso (Argentine supply ship), 173 specially managed areas in, 176–77 Bande Amir National Park, Afghanistan, specially protected areas in, 176, 177–78, 293, 295 180 Bekme Dam, Iraq, 328 Antarctic Conservation Act (1978), 170 Belize Antarctic Convergence, 168–69 Guatemala in border dispute with, 64 Antarctic Mineral Resources Commission, Kekchi Council of, 61, 62, 63 170 and peace-park financing, 62 Antarctic Science, Tourism, and and transborder orchid trade, 64–65 Conservation Act (1996), 170 in tri-national peace park, 56, 59 Antarctic Treaty (1959), 170, 287 Belize barrier reef, 60–61 and Siachen issue, 286–87 Beltrones, Manlio Fabio, 215 territorial sovereignty rejected by (Article Benin IV), 163 independence won by, 229 Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings, 164 sociopolitical and economic changes in, Antarctic Treaty Consultative Party (ATCP), 131–32 164, 171 and W Peace Park, 7, 12, 128, 129, 130, Antarctic Treaty System (ATS), 166–67, 131 168, 169–72 Beringian Heritage Program, 268 forgiving application of, 173, 174 Bhutan, dangerous glacial lakes in, 281 sovereignty lesson learned from, 180 Big Bend National Park (BBNP), 206–208, Anthropologists, and indigenous people, 15 221n.4 Aquatic management, 338 as biosphere reserve, 210 Arendt, Hannah, 261–62 border crossing from, 218 Argentina, Antarctic claims of, 171, 172, study on, 212 176 as US attempt to control border (Ezcurra), Armistice, vs. permanent peace, 239 214 Asian Development Bank (ADB), 152–53, Big Bend Ranch State Park, 207 153, 154, 292 ‘‘Big Pamir’’ reserve, Afghanistan, 295 Index 381 Binational Red Sea Marine Peace park, 41, conservation (peace parks), 193 48 re-definition of, 75–76 Biodiversity Shatt al Arab as (Iraq-Iran), 313, 318 in Himalayan regions, 282 Border buffer, environmental conservation of Korean DMZ, 246 providing, 179. See also Buffer zone Korea’s conservation of, 248, 252 Border conflicts, 74–76, 79 Korea’s loss of, 239, 240, 241, 244, 256 Border politics, in Emerald Triangle region, of Kuril Islands, 264, 271, 273 157–58, 159 in Liberia, 227, 232, 233, 234 Border regions (borderlands), 70, 80 in Pha Taem Complex/Emerald Triangle between Tanzania and Mozambique, 115 (Thailand), 141, 144–45, 148, 150 Borders. See also specific borders regional, 232 conservation (peace parks), 193 Selous-Niassa research on, 118–19 as political constructs, 28 as threatened in Selous-Niassa region, 119– re-definition of, 75–76 21 US–Mexico, 13, 205–206 (see also in W Park, 130–31, 133, 138 US–Mexico border) Biodiversity conservation, 247–48 Border security in Afghanistan, 297, 304, 310–11 as national imperative, 13 of Al Ahwar marshes, 316–17 and US–Mexican border, 206, 217–18 and Ecosystem Approach, 322 and Waterton–Glacier Park, 189, 192–96, in Korea, 248 197 and peace parks, 58 Borneo, 8 and Pha Taem/Emerald Triangle, 146, 153, Lanjak Entimau in, 157 155–56, 156–57, 159 Botswana, mining operations in, 5 in Selous–Niassa Wildlife Corridor, 122 Bowden, Charles, 216 Biodiversity neutral site, in Liberia (Mittal BRAVO project, 212 Steel), 234 Brechin, Steven, 18n.28 Biological diversity, in TBPA definition, Britain (United Kingdom) 182n.47 Antarctic claims of, 171, 172 Bioregionalism and bioregions, 58–59, 73, locality studies in, 73 74, 78–79, 80, 338 British Antarctic Survey, 164 Biosphere reserve(s), 161n.11 Brown, John George ‘‘Kootenai,’’ 187 in Afghanistan, 304 Broyles, Bill, 216, 217 BBNP as, 210 Budowski, Gerardo, 8 Carpathian, 48 Buffer zone Hawizeh–Azim marshes as, 323 for Afghanistan, 293 and Korean DMZ, 253 in Cyprus, 41, 48 KPBRS as, 257 in global conservation schemes, 59 in northern Mexico, 215, 220 and Hawizeh–Azim marshes, 321–23, Pamirs-based, 302 329 Sonoran Desert, 215 of Korean DMZ, 245 UNESCO, 148 peace park as, 42, 45–48 Black Gap Wildlife Management Area, 207 Buffer zone management, in Afghanistan, Bob, Clifford, 16 305 Border(s). See also specific borders Buni Zom National Park, Karakoram ambiguity of (Kashmir), 279 Constellation, 301 382 Index Bun Thrik–Yot Mon proposed Wildlife Carabias, Julia, 212, 215–16 Sanctuary, Thailand, 142, 148, 150 Cardenas, Lazaro, 207–208, 213 Burkina Faso Carnegie Endowment, 291 on Council of Understanding, 130 Carpathian Biosphere Reserve, 48 and Komoe´-Leraba Forest–Warigue´ Forest, Causality, and environmental endogeneity, 166 5–6, 340 sociopolitical and economic changes in, Cavaly protected area, Ivory Coast, 233 131–32 Ceasefire, vs. permanent peace, 239 and W Park, 7, 12, 128, 129, 130, 131, Ceasefire line (CFL), for India–Pakistan war 132–33, 134 (1948), 279 Burundi CEMEX (cement producer), 211–12, 219– guerrilla groups in, 26 20, 222n.32 Kibira National Park in, 8 Center for Restoration of Iraq Marshlands, Bush, Ken, 30 326 Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, 33, 34 Central America, peace parks in, 58–65, 66 Central American Commission on Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge Environment and Development, 62 (CPNWR), 213, 216 Central Asia Cambodia and Afghanistan, 310 in Biodiversity Initiatives, 153 West Tien Shan Mountains, 7 and border politics, 157 Central Karakoram National Park, 300, 301 and Pha Taem Complex/Emerald Triangle, Central marsh, Iraq, 315 8, 152, 154, 155, 156–57, 159, 160 Centro Ecolo´ gico de Sonora, 214 poverty of, 158 Chapin, Mac, 15 and Southeastern Indochina Dry Evergreen Charles, Graham, 167 Forests ecoregion, 142 Chihuahuan desert, 205, 206–12, 220 Canada, local peace parks in, 70 Chihuahuan ecoregion project, 219 Canada Iraq Marshlands Initiative (CIMI), Chile 326, 331nn.39,43 Antarctic claims of, 171 Canada–US peace park, 2, 24, 166, 183. See mining operations in, 5 also Waterton–Glacier International China, People’s Republic of (PRC) Peace Park Afghanistan suspicious of, 310 Canadian International Development Agency and Antarctica, 173 (CIDA), 326 in Biodiversity Initiatives, 153 Canadian-Iraq Consultation Workshop on GLOF damage in, 281 Iraqi marshlands, 327 and India, 278 Canadian Trust, 62 and Japan island dispute, 266 Canhane community (Limpopo National and Korean armistice, 245 Park), 100 and Pamirs Conservancy, 302 Canon de Santa Elena, 207, 211, 212 and rapport between Koreas, 250 Capacity building or development and Russia-Japan settlement, 273 in Afghanistan, 304 in six-party talks, 240 in Southern Africa, 125 and Taxkorgan Wildlife Reserve, 300 Capacity-Building International, Germany Chisos Mountains, 206–207 (InWEnt), 124 Chitral Gol National Park, Pakistan, 301 Cape Verde, in ECOWAS, 130 Chitsa people, 96–97 Index 383 Ch’oc, Gregory, 62, 63 Conflict Cholwon Basin, 254 border, 74–76, 79 Cholwon Crane Festival (2003), 254 and conservation, 23, 38 Cisneros, Jose, 212, 220 entrapment in, 340 CITES (Convention on International Trade vs. environmental