E. Goula: Gender Assignment in Greek-English mixed DPs Gender Assignment in mixed Greek-English Determiner Phrases: insights from late bilingualism By Eleni Goula A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Humanities Of Leiden University In partial fulfillment for the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in English Language and Linguistics Supervisor: Dr. Maria del Carmen Parafita Couto Second Reader: Dr. Stella Gryllia Leiden, the Netherlands August 2017 1 E. Goula: Gender Assignment in Greek-English mixed DPs Table of Contents Acknowledgments.................................................................................................................... 11 Abstract .............................................................................................................................. 12-13 Chapter 1 .................................................................................................................................. 14 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 14-19 Chapter 2 .................................................................................................................................. 20 Literature Review ................................................................................................................. 20 2.1. Description of Gender ......................................................................................... 20-28 2.2. Particular Studies of Gender Assignment in mixed Determiner Phrases ............ 29-37 2.3. Gender Assignment in Greek .................................................................................... 36 2.4. Different Views on Gender Assignment in Greek ............................................... 45-47 2.5. Neuter as the default gender in Greek ................................................................. 48-50 2.6. Gender Assignment in loanwords ........................................................................ 51-53 2.7.Research Question ...................................................................................................... 54 2.8.Hypothesis of my Study ............................................................................................. 54 2.9. Study Design.............................................................................................................. 54 Chapter 3 .................................................................................................................................. 55 Task 1 ................................................................................................................................... 55 Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 55 3.1. Participants .......................................................................................................... 55-60 3.2. Director-Matcher Elicitation Task ............................................................................. 61 2 E. Goula: Gender Assignment in Greek-English mixed DPs 3.3. Materials .............................................................................................................. 62-63 Chapter 4 .................................................................................................................................. 64 Task 2 ................................................................................................................................... 64 Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 64 4.1. Participants .......................................................................................................... 64-81 4.2. Alternative Forced Choice Task and Thurstone's Law of Comparative Judgment . 82- 83 4.3. Materials .............................................................................................................. 84-87 4.4. Calculation of the Thurstone Measure....................................................................... 88 Chapter 5 .................................................................................................................................. 89 Results .................................................................................................................................. 89 Task 1 ................................................................................................................................. 89- 5.1. Results ................................................................................................................. 90-97 Discussion ............................................................................................................................ 98 5.2. “Neuterizing” tendency ....................................................................................... 98-99 5.3. Priming Effect and Interactive Alignment ....................................................... 100-103 5.4. Inconsistencies ................................................................................................. 104-105 Chapter 6 ................................................................................................................................ 106 Results ................................................................................................................................ 106 Task 2 ................................................................................................................................. 106 6.1.Thurstone’s Maw Measure Results .......................................................................... 106-107 6.2.Discussion…………………………………………………………………………...108 3 E. Goula: Gender Assignment in Greek-English mixed DPs Discussion on Quantitative Analysis.................................................................................. 109 6.3. Results of Group 1 ........................................................................................... 109-110 6.4. Results of Group 2 ........................................................................................... 111-112 Chapter 7 ................................................................................................................................ 113 Limitations ................................................................................................................. 113-115 Chapter 8 ................................................................................................................................ 116 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 116-117 References ...................................................................................................................... 118-125 Appendices ............................................................................................................................. 126 Appendix A: Sentences for Qualtrics-Alternative Forced Choice Task .................... 126-128 Appendix B: Conditions for fillers ..................................................................................... 129 Appendix C: Background Questionnaires .................................................................. 130-143 Appendix D: Director-Matcher Task Instructions ..................................................... 144-145 Appendix E: Instructions for the Comprehension Task ..................................................... 146 Apendix F: Consent Form .......................................................................................... 147-148 Appendix G: Links ............................................................................................................. 149 4 E. Goula: Gender Assignment in Greek-English mixed DPs List of Figures Figure 1: Masculine Nouns Figure 2: Feminine Nouns Figure 3: Neuter Nouns Figure 4: Ability to speak Greek Figure 5: Proficiency in Greek Figure 6: Ability to speak English Figure 7: Proficiency in English Figure 8: Languages learned from the mother Figure 9: Languages learned from the father Figure 10: Languages learned in Primary school Figure 11: Languages learned in Secondary school Figure 12: Rating of the English Language Figure 13: Rating of the Greek Language Figure 14: “In everyday conversations, I keep the Greek and English language separate” Figure 15: “People should avoid mixing English and Greek in the same sentence” 5 E. Goula: Gender Assignment in Greek-English mixed DPs List of Tables Table 1: The noun classes distinction in Greek with the assigned suffixes Table 2: Gender distinction of the Greek definite and indefinite article Table 3: Declination of the cases Table 4: The Genitive Case in Plural Table 5: Identical declination of feminine and masculine nous in plural Table 6: Phonological Stem Table 7: Inflectional class-type 1 Table 8: Inflection class-type 2 Table 9: Inflection class-type 3 and 4 Table 10: Inflection class-type 5, 6, 7 and 8 Table 11: Words with concrete suffixes Table 12: Compound Nouns Table 13: Masculine Noun Change Table 14: Feminine Noun Change Table 15: Elicitation Task: Languages learned from the mother Table 16: Elicitation Task: Languages learned from the father Table 17: Elicitation Task: Languages learned in Primary school Table 18: Elicitation Task: Languages learned in Junior High and High school 6 E. Goula: Gender Assignment in Greek-English mixed DPs