Great Artists and Musicians By MARK AMMONS, D.M.A. COPYRIGHT © 1996 Mark Twain Media, Inc. ISBN 978-1-58037-975-5 Printing No. 1891-EB Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers Distributed by Carson-Dellosa Publishing LLC The purchase of this book entitles the buyer to reproduce the student pages for classroom use only. Other permissions may be obtained by writing Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Great Artists and Musicians Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS Time Line ......................................................................................................................... iii Introduction .......................................................................................................................1 Art and Music: An Overview .............................................................................................2 Medieval Art and Music ....................................................................................................4 Guido d’Arezzo .................................................................................................................6 Leonin and Perotin............................................................................................................8 Guillaume de Machaut ....................................................................................................10 Nicholas of Verdun ..........................................................................................................12 The Limbourg Brothers ...................................................................................................14 Renaissance Art and Music ............................................................................................16 Guillaume Dufay .............................................................................................................18 Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina ......................................................................................20 Michelangelo Buonarroti .................................................................................................22 Leonardo da Vinci ...........................................................................................................24 Baroque Art and Music ...................................................................................................26 Henry Purcell ..................................................................................................................28 Johann Sebastian Bach ..................................................................................................30 Rembrandt von Rijn ........................................................................................................32 Claude Lorraine ..............................................................................................................34 Classical Art and Music ..................................................................................................36 Christoph Willibald Gluck ................................................................................................38 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart ............................................................................................40 Jean-Antoine Watteau ....................................................................................................42 Jacques-Louis David ......................................................................................................44 Romantic Art and Music .................................................................................................46 Robert Schumann ..........................................................................................................48 Johannes Brahms ...........................................................................................................50 Eugène Delacroix ...........................................................................................................52 Realism and Impressionism in Art and Music ................................................................54 Georges Bizet .................................................................................................................56 Gustave Courbet.............................................................................................................58 Claude Monet .................................................................................................................60 Claude Debussy .............................................................................................................62 Twentieth Century Art and Music ....................................................................................64 Pablo Picasso .................................................................................................................66 Igor Stravinsky ................................................................................................................68 Answers ..........................................................................................................................70 Bibliography ....................................................................................................................75 © Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers ii Great Artists and Musicians Time Line TIME LINE A.D. 80–1931 A time line helps us understand the order in which events occur. It also helps us keep historical events in sequence. The following time line illustrates the sequence of events that affected the history of music and art. A = Architecture • M = Music • O = Other • P = Painting • S = Sculpture 80 Colosseum, Rome (A) 125 The Pantheon, Rome (A) 180 Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius (S) 200 Portrait of a Boy (P) 315 Colossal Statue of Constantine (S) 320 The Basilica of Constantine, Rome (A) 600 Lindisfarne Gospels (P) 1181 Klosterneuburg Altar, by Nicholas of Verdun (S) 1175 Leonin, master of Notre Dame school (M) 1183 Perotin active at Notre Dame (M) 1240 Motet becomes important type of polyphonic composition (M) 1250 Period of ars antiqua (M); Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris (A) 1300 Beginning of French ars nova (M) 1330 Italian ars nova (M) 1337 Outbreak of the Hundred Years’ War (O) 1360 Notre Dame Mass, Guillaume de Machaut (M) 1415 Very Rich Book of Hours of the Duke of Berry, the Limbourg Brothers (P) 1453 End of Hundred Years’ War (O) 1454 Gutenberg invents printing from movable metal type (O) 1482 Adoration of the Magi, Leonardo da Vinci (P) 1498 Ottaviano de Petrucci, first to print complete song collections from movable type (O) 1504 David, Michelangelo (S) 1505 Mona Lisa, Leonardo da Vinci (P) 1517 Martin Luther begins Protestant reformation (O) 1525 Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina born (M) 1545 Council of Trent, reform of music in Catholic church (M) 1546 St. Peter’s Cathedral, Rome, Michelangelo (A) 1554 Giovanni Palestrina, first book of masses (M) 1563 Establishment of the Church of England (O) 1587 Claudio Monteverdi, first book of madrigals (M) 1600 Euridice (musical drama), Jacopo Peri (M) 1607 Orfeo (first opera), Monteverdi (M) 1669 Paris Academy of Music founded (M) 1685 Johann Sebastian Bach born; George Friederich Handel born (M) 1704 St. John Passion, Handel (M) 1712 Concertos, Op. 3, Antonio Vivaldi (1678–1741) (M) © Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers iii Great Artists and Musicians Time Line 1715 First opéra comique founded (M) 1717 Pilgrimage to Cythera, Watteau (P) 1722 The Well-Tempered Clavier, I, Bach (M) Treatise of Harmony, Rameau (M) 1726 The Seasons, Vivaldi (M) New system of music theory, Rameau (M) 1732 Franz Joseph Haydn born (M) 1733 La Serva padrona, Giovanni Pergolesi (1710–1736) (M) 1756 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart born (M) 1770 Ludwig van Beethoven born (M) 1787 The Death of Socrates, David (P) 1789 French Revolution (till 1794) (O) George Washington first president of the United States (O) 1791 The Magic Flute (opera), Requiem, Mozart (M) First London Symphonies, Haydn (M) 1792 The Pantheon, Paris, Soufflot (A) 1793 The Death of Marat, David (P) 1795 Paris Conservatory founded (M) 1797 Franz Schubert born (M) 1799 First Symphony, Sonata Pathétique, Beethoven (M) 1800 Discovery of ultraviolet rays (O) 1802 Napoleon made Consul for life (O) 1806 Monticello, Virginia, Thomas Jefferson (A) 1813 Richard Wagner born (M) 1815 Invention of the metronome (M) 1830 First railroad, Liverpool to Manchester (O) 1838 Frederic Chopin, Delacroix (P) 1849 The Stone Breakers, Courbet (P) 1851 Opera and Drama (book), Wagner (M) 1862 Claude Debussy born (M) 1868 Scott Joplin born (M) 1869 First American transcontinental railroad (O) 1872 L’Arlésienne (opera), Georges Bizet (1838–1875) (M) 1874 Impression: Sunrise, Monet (P) Arnold Schoenberg born (M) 1879 Thomas Edison invents an improved incandescent electrical light (O) 1883 Metropolitan Opera opened; Anton Webern born (M) 1894 Prelude to the Afternoon of a Fawn (Impressionism), Debussy (M) 1897 The Stars and Stripes Forever, John Philip Sousa (1845–1932) (M) 1910 The Fire Bird, Igor Stravinsky (1882–1971) (M) 1912 Pierrot Lunaire (Expressionism), Schoenberg (M) 1913 The Rite of Spring, Stravinsky (M) 1922 Schoenberg, method of composing with twelve tones (M) 1925 Three Dancers, Pablo Picasso (P) Wozzeck, Alban Berg (1885–1935) (M) 1931 The Persistence of Memory, Salvadore Dali (P) © Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers iv Great Artists and Musicians Introduction INTRODUCTION Music and art stand as two of the great pillars of civilization and