ALAGAPPA UNIVERSITY [Accredited with ‘A+’ Grade by NAAC (CGPA:3.64) in the Third Cycle and Graded as Category–I University by MHRD-UGC] (A State University Established by the Government of Tamil Nadu) KARAIKUDI – 630 003 Directorate of Distance Education B.Sc. (Psychology) VI - Semester 119 64 PSYCHOLOGICAL ADJUSTMENT Authors: Dr Sushma Suri, Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Jamia Millia Islamia Units (1.3, 3.3-3.6) Kapil C Agarwal, Assistant Professor, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab Units (1.4, 2, 6, 8.3, 9, 10.2.1, 10.3-10.3.1, 11, 12.2, 12.3.1, 13, 14) SS Chauhan, Professor and Dean (Retd.), Faculty of Education, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla Units (4.2-4.2.3, 4.2.5-4.2.6) RK Madhukar, Retired General Manager Incharge of Business Communication and Public Relations Canara Bank, Bengaluru & Former Chief Economist Indian Banks' Association, Mumbai Unit (7) Vikas®Publishing House, Units (1.0-1.2, 1.5-1.9, 3.0-3.2, 3.7-3.12, 4.0-4.1, 4.2.4, 4.3-4.7, 5.0-5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.3.1, 5.3.2, 5.3.3, 5.4-5.4.2, 5.5, 5.6-5.10, 8.0-8.1, 8.2, 8.4-8.5, 8.6-8.10, 10.0-10.1, 10.2, 10.3.2, 10.4-10.8, 12.0-12.1, 12.3, 12.4-12.8) "The copyright shall be vested with Alagappa University" All rights reserved. No part of this publication which is material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or transmitted or utilized or stored in any form or by any means now known or hereinafter invented, electronic, digital or mechanical, including photocopying, scanning, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior written permission from the Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu. Information contained in this book has been published by VIKAS® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. and has been obtained by its Authors from sources believed to be reliable and are correct to the best of their knowledge. However, the Alagappa University, Publisher and its Authors shall in no event be liable for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of use of this information and specifically disclaim any implied warranties or merchantability or fitness for any particular use. Vikas® is the registered trademark of Vikas® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. VIKAS® PUBLISHING HOUSE PVT. LTD. E-28, Sector-8, Noida - 201301 (UP) Phone: 0120-4078900 Fax: 0120-4078999 Regd. Office: A-27, 2nd Floor, Mohan Co-operative Industrial Estate, New Delhi 1100 44 Website: www.vikaspublishing.com Email: [email protected] Work Order No.AU/DDE/DE12-27/Preparation and Printing of Course Materials/2020 Dated 12.08.2020 Copies - 000 SYLLABI-BOOK MAPPING TABLE Psychological Adjustment Syllabi Mapping in Book BLOCK I: PERSONALITY AND ADJUSTMENT UNIT 1: The Dynamics of Adjustment Adjustment: Meaning, Nature and Dynamics - The Scientific Approach to Unit 1: The Dynamics of Adjustment Behaviour - The Roots of Happiness (Pages 1-12); UNIT 2: Improving Academic Performance Unit 2: Improving Academic Improving Academic Performance: Developing Sound Study Habits - Performance Improving Your Reading - Getting More Out of Lectures - Applying Memory Principles. (Pages 13-23); UNIT 3: Personality and Adjustment Unit 3: Personality and Adjustment Personality: Meaning, Nature and Characteristics - Personality Traits - (Pages 24-44); Psychodynamic Perspectives - Behavioural Perspectives - Humanistic Unit 4: Assessment of Personality Perspectives - Biological Perspectives (Pages 45-66) UNIT 4: Assessment of Personality Assessment of Personality- Definition - Meaning - Types - Psychological Testing - Self-Report - Inventories - Projective Tests. BLOCK II: STRESS AND COMMUNICATION UNIT 5: Stress and Adjustment Unit 5: Stress and Adjustment The Nature of Stress - Major Types of Stress: Frustration - Conflict - Change - Pressure. Responding to Stress - The Potential Effects of Stress - Factors (Pages 67-84); Influencing Stress Tolerance - Monitoring Your Stress. Unit 6: Coping Patterns UNIT 6: Coping Patterns (Pages 85-96); Common Coping Patterns - Types of Coping: Appraisal - Focused Constructive Unit 7: Communication Coping - Problem - Focused Constructive Coping - Emotion - Focused (Pages 97-114) Constructive Coping. UNIT 7: Communication Process of Interpersonal Communication - Non-Verbal Communication - Toward More Effective Communication - Communication Problems BLOCK III: CONFLICTS AND LOVE UNIT 8: Friendship Interpersonal Conflict - Developing Assertive Skills. Perspectives on Close Relationships - Initial Attraction and Relationship Development - Friendship. Unit 8: Friendship UNIT 9: Love (Pages 115-128); Romantic Love: Myths about Love - Sexual Orientation and Love - Theories Unit 9: Love of Love - Gender Differences in Love - The Course of Romantic Love. (Pages 129-140); UNIT 10: Loneliness Unit 10: Loneliness Loneliness - Definition - Meaning - Nature - Prevalence - Roots - Correlates - (Pages 141-150) Conquering Loneliness. BLOCK IV: MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE UNIT 11: Marital Adjustment Unit 11: Marital Adjustment Moving Toward Marriage: The Motivation to Marry - Selecting a Mate - Predictors of Marital Success. (Pages 151-162); UNIT 12: Family Life Unit 12: Family Life Marital Adjustment Across the Family Life Cycle - Vulnerable Areas in Marital (Pages 163-170); Adjustment: Gaps in Role Expectations Unit 13: Work and Career Issues UNIT 13: Work and Career Issues (Pages 171-181); Work and Career Issues - Financial Difficulties - Inadequate Communication. Unit 14: Divorce UNIT 14: Divorse (Pages 182-192) Divorce: Nature - Causes - Adjusting to Divorce - Remarriage. CONTENTS BLOCK I: PERSONALITY AND ADJUSTMENT UNIT 1 THE DYNAMICS OF ADJUSTMENT 1-12 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Objectives 1.2 Adjustment: Meaning, Nature and Dynamics 1.3 The Scientific Approach to Behaviour 1.4 The Roots of Happiness 1.5 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 1.6 Summary 1.7 Key Words 1.8 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 1.9 Further Readings UNIT 2 IMPROVING ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE 13-23 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Objectives 2.2 Academic Performance 2.2.1 Developing Sound Study Habits 2.2.2 Improving Your Reading 2.2.3 Getting More Out of Lectures 2.2.4 Applying Memory Principles 2.3 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 2.4 Summary 2.5 Key Words 2.6 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 2.7 Further Readings UNIT 3 PERSONALITY AND ADJUSTMENT 24-44 3.0 Introduction 3.1 Objectives 3.2 Personality: Meaning, Nature and Characteristics 3.3 Psychodynamic Perspectives 3.4 Behavioural Perspectives 3.5 Humanistic Perspectives 3.6 Personality Trait Perspectives 3.7 Biological Perspectives 3.8 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 3.9 Summary 3.10 Key Words 3.11 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 3.12 Further Readings UNIT 4 ASSESSMENT OF PERSONALITY 45-66 4.0 Introduction 4.1 Objectives 4.2 Meaning, Definition and Types of Psychological Testing 4.2.1 Interview 4.2.2 Situational Tests or Behavioural Tests 4.2.3 Rating Scales 4.2.4 Self-Report Inventories 4.2.5 Projective Tests 4.2.6 Weaknesses of Personality Testing 4.3 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 4.4 Summary 4.5 Key Words 4.6 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 4.7 Further Readings BLOCK II: STRESS AND COMMUNICATION UNIT 5 STRESS AND ADJUSTMENT 67-84 5.0 Introduction 5.1 Objectives 5.2 The Nature of Stress 5.3 Major Types of Stress 5.3.1 Frustration and Anxiety 5.3.2 Change 5.3.3 Conflict and Pressure 5.4 Responding to Stress 5.4.1 The Potential Effects of Stress 5.4.2 Factors Influencing Stress Tolerance 5.5 Monitoring Your Stress 5.6 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 5.7 Summary 5.8 Key Words 5.9 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 5.10 Further Readings UNIT 6 COPING PATTERNS 85-96 6.0 Introduction 6.1 Objectives 6.2 Common Coping Patterns 6.2.1 Types of Coping: Appraisal, Problem and Emotion Focus Strategies 6.3 Historical Psychoanalytic Theories 6.4 Answers To Check Your Progress Questions 6.5 Summary 6.6 Key Words 6.7 Self Assessment Questions And Exercises 6.8 Further Readings UNIT 7 COMMUNICATION 97-114 7.0 Introduction 7.1 Objectives 7.2 Process of Interpersonal Communication 7.3 Non-Verbal Communication 7.4 Toward More Effective Communication 7.5 Communication Problems 7.5.1 Factors Affecting Communication 7.6 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 7.7 Summary 7.8 Key Words 7.9 Self Assessment Questions And Exercises 7.10 Further Readings BLOCK III: CONFLICTS AND LOVE UNIT 8 FRIENDSHIP 115-128 8.0 Introduction 8.1 Objectives 8.2 Interpersonal Conflict 8.3 Developing Assertive Skills 8.4 Perspectives on Close Relationships 8.5 Initial Attraction, Relationship Development and Friendship 8.6 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 8.7 Summary 8.8 Key Words 8.9 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 8.10 Further Readings UNIT 9 LOVE 129-140 9.0 Introduction 9.1 Objectives 9.2 Romantic Love 9.2.1 Myths about Love 9.2.2 Sexual Orientation and Love 9.2.3 Theories of Love 9.2.4 Gender Differences in Love 9.2.5 The Course of Romantic Love 9.3 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 9.4 Summary 9.5 Key Words 9.6 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 9.7 Further Readings UNIT 10 LONELINESS 141-150 10.0 Introduction 10.1 Objectives 10.2 Meaning and Definition of Loneliness 10.2.1 Nature of Loneliness 10.3 Prevalence and Roots of Loneliness 10.3.1 Correlates 10.3.2 Conquering Loneliness 10.4 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions 10.5 Summary 10.6 Key Words 10.7 Self Assessment Questions and Exercises 10.8 Further Readings BLOCK IV: MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE UNIT 11 MARITAL ADJUSTMENT 151-162 11.0 Introduction 11.1 Objectives 11.2 Moving Toward Marriage 11.2.1 The Motivation