CITIZENS OF LONDON Lynne Olson NOTES INTRODUCTION xiii “convinced us”: Letter from unidentified sender, John Gilbert Winant scrap- book, in possession of Rivington Winant. xiv “We were”: Alex Danchev and Daniel Todman, eds., War Diaries, 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2001), p. 248. “There were many”: John G. Winant, A Letter from Grosvenor Square: An Ac- count of a Stewardship (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1947), p. 3. “There was one man”: Times (London), April 24, 1946. “conveyed to the entire”: Wallace Carroll letter to Washington Post, undated, Winant papers, FDRL. xv “two prima donnas”: Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1948), p. 236. xvi “The British approached”: Carlo D’Este, Eisenhower: A Soldier’s Life (New York: Henry Holt, 2002), p. 337. xvii “It was not Mr. Winant”: “British Mourn Winant,” New York Times, Nov. 5, 1947. “Blacked out”: Donald L. Miller, Masters of the Air: America’s Bomber Boys Who Fought the Air War Against Nazi Germany (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006), p. 137. xviii “This is an American- made”: Peter Clarke, The Last Thousand Days of the British Empire: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the Birth of the Pax Americana (New York: Bloomsbury, 2008), p. 103. “they needed to know”: Norman Longmate, The G.I.’s: The Americans in Brit- ain, 1942– 1945 (New York: Scribner, 1975), p. 376. “to concentrate on the things”: Star, Feb. 3, 1941. xix “must learn to live together”: Bernard Bellush, He Walked Alone: A Biography of John Gilbert Winant (The Hague: Mouton, 1968), p. 216. CHAPTER 1: “THERE’S NO PLACE I’D RATHER BE THAN IN ENGLAND” 3 “I am glad”: Sunday Times, March 2, 1941, Winant papers, FDRL. 4 “wars were bad”: James Reston, Deadline: A Memoir (New York: Random House, 1991), p. 68. 2 CITIZENS OF LONDON “Isn’t it wonderful”: Michael R. Beschloss, Kennedy and Roosevelt: The Uneasy Alliance (New York: W. W. Norton, 1980), p. 177. “England is gone”: Bellush, p. 155. 4 “I’m for appeasement”: Reston, p. 73. “devote my efforts”: Beschloss, p. 230. “one of the toughest”: “Winant Esteemed by British Chiefs,” New York Times, Feb. 7, 1941. 5 “I’m very glad”: Times (London), March 3, 1941, Winant papers, FDRL. “significant incident”: Ibid. “not only extreme”: John Keegan, “Churchill’s Strategy,” in Robert Blake and William Roger Louis, eds., Churchill (New York: W. W. Norton, 1993), p. 331. “very distressing”: John Colville, The Fringes of Power: 10 Downing Street Dia- ries, 1939–1945 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1985), p. 358. 6 “even now England”: Joseph P. Lash, Roosevelt and Churchill, 1939– 1941: The Partnership That Saved the West (New York: W. W. Norton, 1976), p. 292. “The expert politician”: Ibid., p. 143. “If Britain is to survive”: Warren F. Kimball, “The Most Unsordid Act”: Lend Lease, 1939–1941 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1969), p. 70. 7 “This rather”: Colville, Fringes of Power, p. 223. “I thought”: Herbert Agar, The Darkest Year: Britain Alone, June 1940– June 1941 (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1973), p. 143. “We have so far”: Lash, Roosevelt and Churchill, p. 251. “if we wished”: Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, Vol. 6, Finest Hour, 1939– 1941 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1983), p. 745. 8 “We seek”: Christopher Hitchens, Blood, Class and Nostalgia: Anglo- American Ironies (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1990), p. 202. “When you sit”: David Reynolds, The Creation of the Anglo- American Alliance, 1937– 1941 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982), p. 25. “far more”: Agar, p. 153. 9 “likable and attractive”: Joseph P. Lash, Eleanor and Franklin (New York: W. W. Norton, 1971), p. 200. “an untried”: John Gunther, Roosevelt in Retrospect (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1950), p. 242. “the life of the party”: Lash, Eleanor and Franklin, p. 221. “I have always”: Beschloss, p. 200. “there is a strong”: Ibid. 10 “always sucking”: Reston, p. 70. “a drunken sot”: Jon Meacham, Franklin and Winston: An Intimate Portrait of an Epic Friendship (New York: Random House, 2003), p. 51. “supposed Churchill”: David Dimbleby and David Reynolds, An Ocean Apart: The Relationship Between Britain and America in the Twentieth Century (New York: Random House, 1988), p. 136. “We have not had”: David Reynolds, In Command of History: Churchill Fighting and Writing the Second World War (London: Penguin/Allen Lane, 2004), p. 200. “hunched in an attitude”: Andrew Roberts, “The Holy Fox”: The Life of Lord Halifax (London: Phoenix, 1997), p. 256. “those bloody Yankees”: Meacham, p. 54. “I am not in a hurry”: Gilbert, Finest Hour, p. 672. NOTES 3 11 “the most unsordid”: Warren F. Kimball, Forged in War: Roosevelt, Churchill and the Second World War (New York: William Morrow, 1997), p. 74. 11 “Remember, Mr. President”: Ibid, p. 976. 12 “The percentage”: David Reynolds, Rich Relations: The American Occupation of Britain, 1942–1945 (London: Phoenix, 2000), p. 41. “Utopian John”: Bellush, p. 118. “extremely unhappy”: Eileen Mason interview, Bellush papers, FDRL. “always told him”: Ernest Hopkin interview, Bellush papers, FDRL. “came to mean”: “He Multiplied the Jobs,” New York Herald Tribune, Sept. 25, 1932, Winant papers, FDRL. 13 “Our function”: Alex Shoumatoff, “A Private School Affair,” Vanity Fair, January 2006. “an incredibly”: T. S. Matthews, Name and Address: An Autobiography (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1960), p. 156. “Like most”: Ibid, p. 155. “all right”: Janet Murrow to parents, April 24, 1943, Murrow papers, Mount Holyoke. 14 “It was one”: Dean Dexter interview with Abbie Rollins Caverly. 15 “People in the audience”: Author interview with Bert Whittemore. “It’s too bad”: Charles Murphy, “A Boy Who Meddled in Politics,” American, April 1933, Winant papers, FDRL. “begin by feeling”: “A New Kind of Envoy to a New Kind of Britain,” New York Times, Feb. 16, 1941. 16 “Railroads”: New York Times, Sept. 16, 1934, Winant papers, FDRL. “put through”: New York Herald Tribune, Nov. 5, 1947. “I don’t understand Winant”: “He Multiplied the Jobs,” New York Herald Tribune, Sept. 25, 1932, Winant papers, FDRL. “every public policy”: Larry DeWitt, “John G. Winant,” Special Study #6, So- cial Security Historian’s Office, Social Security Administration, May 1999. 17 “carried the Christian injunction ”: Lawrence F. Whittemore speech to New Hampshire House and Senate, July 25, 1951. “Whenever people want”: Robert Bingham interview, Bellush papers, FDRL. “revered and loved”: Author interview with William Gardner. “loved to pick off”: Gunther, p. 57. 18 “transfusion of new”: Undated newspaper clipping, Winant papers, FDRL. “Winant Moves”: Boston Evening Transcript, Sept. 27, 1934, Winant papers, FDRL. “has caught”: Charles Murphy, “A Boy Who Meddled in Politics,” American, April 1933, Winant papers, FDRL. “You personally”: Unsigned letter to Winant, July 12, 1934, Winant papers, FDRL. “would trade”: Undated clipping, Winant papers, FDRL. 19 “No, no”: Frances Perkins interview, Bellush papers, FDRL. “Most Americans”: “The Manager Abroad,” Time, Dec. 1, 1947. “Since the war”: Jean Edward Smith, FDR (New York: Random House, 2007), p. 22. “Americans dipped in”: Kimball, “The Most Unsordid Act,” p. 1. “Of the hell broth”: David Reynolds, Rich Relations, p. 8. 4 CITIZENS OF LONDON 20 “men rush”: New York Times, Feb. 14, 1937. 20 “He had no”: Robert Bass interview, Bellush papers, FDRL. 21 “He was, beyond”: Larry DeWitt, “John G. Winant,” Special Study #6, Social Security Historian’s Office, Social Security Administration, May 1999. 22 “shoddy politics”: Bellush, p. 131. “at least one man”: Allan B. MacMurphy to Winant, Oct. 16, 1936, Winant papers, FDRL. “More than any other”: William L. Shirer, Berlin Diary: The Journal of a Foreign Correspondent, 1939–1941 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1941), p. 505. “They will take”: New York Times, Feb. 7, 1941. “gave me the feeling”: Times (London), April 24, 1946. 23 “There is no”: News Chronicle, Feb. 7, 1941, Winant papers, FDRL. “He is an American”: Manchester Guardian, Feb. 7, 1941, Winant papers, FDRL. 24 “There is something”: “A Man of Strength and Straightness,” Times (Lon- don), Feb. 8, 1941, Winant papers, FDRL. “One has often”: “Mr. Winant Knows the Plain People,” Star, Feb. 7, 1941, Winant papers, FDRL. “this stocky figure”: Winant, A Letter from Grosvenor Square, p. 26. 25 “Mr. Winant”: Washington Post, March 18, 1941, Winant papers, FDRL. “lord of language”: Sunday Times (London), March 23, 1941, Winant papers, FDRL. “Every word”: Ibid. “rather like”: “The Voice of New England,” Star, March 19, 1941, Winant pa- pers, FDRL. “not an orator”: “Lincoln Comes to Town,” Daily Herald, March 19, 1941, Winant papers, FDRL. 26 “gone into action”: John G. Winant, Our Greatest Harvest: Selected Speeches of John G. Winant, 1941–1946 (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1950), p. 7. “language of simple grandeur”: “Mr. Winant’s Success,” Evening Standard, March 19, 1941, Winant papers, FDRL. “U.S. ENVOY”: Daily Mirror, March 19, 1941, Winant papers, FDRL. “Nearly everyone”: Star, March 19, 1941, Winant papers, FDRL. “an extraordinary triumph”: Sunday Times (London), March 23, 1941, Winant papers, FDRL. CHAPTER 2: “YOU ARE THE BEST REPORTER IN ALL OF EUROPE” 27 “the most magnificent”: Reginald Colby, Mayfair: A Town Within London (London: Country Life, 1966), p. 50. “An ambassador from”: David McCullough, John Adams (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), p. 337. “They hate us”: Ibid., p. 348. “studied civility”: Henry Steele Commager, ed., Britain Through American Eyes (New York: McGraw- Hill, 1974), p. 23. 28 “I shall never”: Ibid., p. 26. “Some years hence”: Geoffrey Williamson, Star- Spangled Square: The Saga of “Little America” in London (London: Geoffrey Bles, 1956), p. 47. “These people”: Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Complete Writings of Nathaniel NOTES 5 Hawthorne, Vol. 11 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1900), p. xx. 28 “The only sure”: Commager, p. 432. 29 “He cannot dance”: McCullough, p.