REPORT ON THE LEGAL ENVIRONMENT ASSESSMENT IN RESPONSE TO HIV AND AIDS WITHIN THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA 2015 Prepared: Daniel Naftal Lema (Advocate) Leading consultant Khalfan Omar Sururu, Co – Consultant - Zanzibar Tanzania Commission for AIDS (TACAIDS), Zanzibar AIDS Commission, P O Box 76987 Dar es Salaam, P O Box 2820 Zanzibar, Tel: +255 22 2122651 Tel: +255 24 2235694, Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Website: www.tacAIDS.go.tz Website: www.zac.or.tz ii Acknowledgement TACAIDS, ZAC, UNDP and Consultants who drafted this report wishes to acknowledge all the support availed to the team which drafted this report. While we acknowledge every individual, organizational and institutional support obtained from both the Government and Private sector institutions and participants in this study, the team wishes to acknowledge few of these for their specific valuable inputs to the report. These are from Mainland Tanzania; Tanzania Commission for AIDS, Prime Minister’s Office, Law Reform Commission, Judiciary, Attorney Generals Chamber, Director of Public Prosecution, National Aid Control Program, School of Law of the University of Dar Es Salaam, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Community Health Education Services and Advocacy, United Nations Development Program (contributed financially to the preparation of this report), National Council of People Living with HIV, Saint Augustine University – Iringa Campus, Ministry of Constitutional and Legal Affairs, Ministry of Home Affairs, Tanzania Police Force, Prisons Department, Tanganyika Law Society, District Council Administrators in all Districts involved in this research and many other Non-Governmental organizations centrally involved in drafting and reviewing the report at all levels. From Tanzania Zanzibar we acknowledge the immense contribution of the following entities; Ministry of Health, Zanzibar AIDS Control Programme, First Vice President Office, Zanzibar AIDS Commission, Zanzibar Association of People Living with HIV, State University of Zanzibar, State Attorney from Zanzibar Attorney General’s Chamber, Zanzibar Law Review Commission, Zanzibar Key Populations Network, Zanzibar Prisons Department, Zanzibar Female Lawyers Association and all other organizations and individuals without whom this study would not be of success. To all those who were involved in all stages of writing the report such as Technical Working Group and those who provided information, shared experiences and all those who read the report in its draft form we say thank you very much and your contributions was and is highly appreciated. iii Table of Contents Acknowledgement ...................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................... iv List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................. viii Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER ONE .............................................................................................................................. 1 PART ONE: INTRODUCTION TO LEA IN TANZANIA ......................................................................... 1 1.1 General Background of the Legal Environment Assessment ................................................ 1 1.2 Terms of Reference to Conduct LEA in Tanzania ................................................................. 4 1.3 Objectives ................................................................................................................. 4 1.4 Specific Tasks ............................................................................................................ 4 1.5 Outcomes .................................................................................................................. 5 1.6 Geographical Coverage .............................................................................................. 5 1.7 Approach in Conducting LEA ...................................................................................... 6 1.8 Methodologies for Conducting LEA ............................................................................ 7 1.8.1 Literature Review .................................................................................................. 8 1.8.2 Consultations with Key Informants and Target Groups .................................................. 9 1.8.3 Technical Working Group (TWG) ................................................................................... 9 PART TWO: AN OVERVIEW OF HIV AND AIDS PREVALENCE IN TANZANIA .................................... 11 2.1 Introduction to HIV Prevalence in Tanzania .............................................................. 11 2.2 Trend on the HIV Prevalence in Mainland Tanzania ........................................................... 12 2.3 Trends of HIV Prevalence in Zanzibar........................................................................ 13 PART THREE: AVAILABILITY AND ACCESSIBILITY OF HIV AND AIDS SERVICES BY KEY POPULATIONS 11 3.1 Key Populations .............................................................................................................. 11 3.2 Availability of HIV Intervention Programs ........................................................................ 11 3.3 Stigma and Discrimination and Access to HIV and AIDS Services ....................................... 12 iv 3.3.1 People Living with HIV ............................................................................................. 13 3.3.2 Women and Girls including Pregnant Women........................................................... 14 3.3.3 People who Practice Anal Sex .................................................................................. 16 3.3.4 Sex Workers ............................................................................................................ 19 3.3.5 Prisoners ................................................................................................................. 21 3.3.6 Injecting Drug Users ................................................................................................. 22 3.3.7 People with Disabilities ............................................................................................ 24 3.3.8 Fishermen ............................................................................................................... 24 3.3.9 Clove pickers ........................................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................................... 26 GENERAL LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ON HIV AND AIDS IN TANZANIA ..................... 26 PARTONE: AN OVERVIEW OF LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ON HIV ............................. 26 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 26 1.2 Domestic Coordination Mechanisms ........................................................................ 26 1.3 International Conventions Applicable in HIV Context ................................................ 27 1.4 Regional Instruments ............................................................................................... 29 1.5 The EAC HIV and AIDS Legal Framework ................................................................... 31 1.6 Domestic Legal and Policy Framework ...................................................................... 32 1.6.1 The Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania ............................................. 33 1.6.2 The Zanzibar Constitution .................................................................................... 33 1.6.3 HIV and AIDS Specific Legislations ........................................................................ 34 1.7 Other Specific Legislations and Policies .................................................................... 34 PART TWO: ANALYSIS OF LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON PROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF HIV RELATED HUMAN RIGHTS ......................................................................................................................... 36 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 36 2.2 Legal Framework and Protection of HIV Related Rights ............................................. 37 2.2.1 Non-discrimination and Equality .......................................................................... 37 2.2.2 Personal Liberty ................................................................................................... 41 v 2.2.3 Right to Privacy .................................................................................................... 42 2.2.4 Right to Health ..................................................................................................... 42 2.2.5 Right to Work ...................................................................................................... 44 2.2.6 Right to Property ................................................................................................. 46 2.2.7 Right to Information and Expression ....................................................................