SAMOA Post-disaster Needs Assessment Cyclone Evan 2012 Government of Samoa March 2013 GOVERNMENT OF SAMOA Design: [email protected] Cover photos: Top left and bottom: Courtesy of GoS/PDNA Assessment team. Top right: © Saikit Leung | Dreamstime.com. SAMOA Post-disaster Needs Assessment Cyclone Evan 2012 Government of Samoa March 2013 GOVERNMENT OF SAMOA TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................................ vii Acronyms and Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................... ix Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................................... xiii 1. Living with Disaster ...................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Assessment Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 9 3. Damage, Losses, and Needs by Sector ........................................................................................................ 13 3.1 Summary of Damage and Loss ............................................................................................................ 13 Productive Sectors 3.2 Agriculture, Livestock, and Fisheries .................................................................................................... 17 3.3 Manufacturing and Commerce ........................................................................................................... 27 3.4 Tourism .............................................................................................................................................. 31 Social Sectors 3.5 Health ................................................................................................................................................ 39 3.6 Education ........................................................................................................................................... 49 3.7 Housing .............................................................................................................................................. 54 3.8 Cultural Heritage ................................................................................................................................ 63 Infrastructure Sectors 3.9 Water Supply and Sanitation ............................................................................................................... 69 3.10 Electricity ............................................................................................................................................ 81 3.11 Transport ............................................................................................................................................ 87 3.12 Environment ....................................................................................................................................... 91 4. Economic Impacts ......................................................................................................................................... 99 5. Human and Social Impacts and Needs ........................................................................................................ 107 6. Managing Disaster Risk ................................................................................................................................ 127 7. Summary of Post-disaster Recovery and Reconstruction Needs ............................................................... 139 List of Figures Figure 1. Average Annual Loss Due to Tropical Cyclones and Earthquakes (from three types of assets) ............... 3 Figure 2. Relative Risk of Tropical Cyclone and Earthquake across Samoa ........................................................... 3 Figure 3. Tropical Cyclone Evan Track Information as of 1800 UTC December 18, 2012 ..................................... 4 Figure 4. Infrared Satellite Image of Tropical Cyclone Evan Taken over Samoa at 1230 UTC December 13, 2012 ............................................................................................................................ 5 Figure 5. Modeled Ground-Up Mean Loss per District of Samoa from Tropical Cyclone Evan and the Modeled Track for Tropical Cyclone Evan (from Joint Typhoon Warning Center Advisories) .................. 6 Figure 6. Cyclone Evan Disaster Effects, by Ownership ....................................................................................... 14 Figure 7. Chronological Variation of Damage and Loss Caused by Cyclone Evan in Samoa ................................. 15 Figure 8. Breakdown of Damage and Loss, by Main Sectors of Activity .............................................................. 15 iv | SAMOA Post-disaster Needs Assessment: Cyclone Evan 2012 Figure 9. Sectoral Distribution of Damage and Loss, by Individual Sector of Economic Activity ........................... 16 Figure 10. Damage and Loss Assessment of Agriculture Sector in Upolu after Tropical Cyclone Evan, January 2013 ...................................................................................................................................... 18 Figure 11. Daily Power Generation in Samoa, December 2012 ............................................................................ 83 Figure 12. Estimated Cyclone Evan Impact on GDP Growth Rate, Assuming No Recovery and Reconstruction Activities and Investments, 2012–2014 ....................................................................... 102 List of Tables Table 1. Summary of Damage and Loss Caused by Cyclone Evan in Samoa (thousand SAT) .............................. xiii Table 2. Summary of Recovery, Reconstruction, and Disaster Risk Reduction Needs .......................................... xv Table 3. Return Period of Tropical Cyclones ...................................................................................................... 2 Table 4. Maximum Total Rainfall and Rainfall Intensity in Vaisigano Catchment ................................................ 6 Table 5. Summary of Damage and Loss Caused by Cyclone Evan in Samoa (thousand SAT) .............................. 14 Table 6. Agriculture Sector Damages (thousand SAT) ....................................................................................... 19 Table 7. Agriculture Sector Damage and Loss (thousand SAT) ........................................................................... 21 Table 8. Agriculture Sector Recovery Needs (thousand SAT) .............................................................................. 22 Table 9. Agriculture Sector Reconstruction Needs (thousand SAT) .................................................................... 26 Table 10. Damage and Loss in Manufacturing and Commerce Sectors (thousand SAT) ....................................... 28 Table 11. Recovery and Reconstruction Needs in Manufacturing and Commerce Sectors (thousand SAT) ........... 29 Table 12. Tourism Capacity in Samoa, 2009 and 2012 ....................................................................................... 32 Table 13. Estimation of Damage to Tourism Sector Facilities ............................................................................... 33 Table 14. Estimation of Gross Revenue Losses for the Tourism Sector, 2013–2015 (million SAT) .......................... 34 Table 15. Recovery and Reconstruction Needs (thousand SAT) ............................................................................ 35 Table 16. Estimated Level of Resources for Tourism Recovery Program ................................................................ 37 Table 17. Damage to NHS Buildings and Infrastructure ....................................................................................... 43 Table 18. Health Sector Damage and Loss (thousand SAT) .................................................................................. 44 Table 19. Recovery and Reconstruction Needs in the Health Sector (thousand SAT) ............................................ 46 Table 20. Health Sector Disaster Risk Reduction Needs (thousand SAT) ............................................................... 47 Table 21. Damage and Loss in Education (thousand SAT) ................................................................................... 51 Table 22. Recovery and Reconstruction Needs in the Education Sector (thousand SAT) ....................................... 52 Table 23. Number of Affected Housing Units, by Damage Category ................................................................... 56 Table 24. Categories of Housing Units and Replacement Costs .......................................................................... 57 Table 25. Estimated Damage and Loss Caused by Cyclone Evan in the Housing Sector (thousand SAT) ............... 57 Table 26. Estimated Post-disaster Requirements for Recovery and Reconstruction (thousand SAT) ...................... 60 Table 27. Estimation of Damage and Loss in the Cultural Heritage Sector (thousand SAT) .................................. 68 Table 28. Damage and Loss for the Water and Sanitation Sector (thousand SAT) ................................................ 75 Table 29. Estimation of Recovery and Reconstruction Needs (thousand SAT)