1/25/10 Personality CHAPTER Psychology TWO Psychology 370 Sheila K. Grant, Ph.D. Professor California State University, Northridge Freud: Classical Psychoanalysis Class Activity Chapter Overview . The Unconscious . Psychic Determinism Answer Freudian Principle . Levels of Consciousness . Effects of Unconscious Motivation Statements based on WHAT Freud . Origin and Nature of the Unconscious would consider true. Structures of the Personality . The Id Review Answers with Class . The Ego . The Superego Continue Lecture / Discussion . Intrapsychic Conflict . Energy Hypothesis . Anxiety . Defense Mechanisms . Sublimation . Empirical Studies of Defenses QUOTATIONS Chapter Overview Cont. “In Confession the sinner tells what he knows; in . Personality Development analysis the neurotic has to tell more.” . The Five Psychosexual Stages (Sigmund Freud, The question of Lay Analysis) . Psychoanalytic Treatment . Psychoanalytic Therapy Techniques . The Recovered Memory Controversy "An ego thus educated has become reasonable; it no longer lets itself be governed by the pleasure . Psychoanalysis as a Scientific Theory principle, but obeys the reality principle, which . Silverman's Experiments also at bottom seeks to obtain pleasure, but . Unconscious Cognition pleasure which is assured through taking account . Unconscious Influences and the Body of reality, even though it is pleasure postponed and diminished" (Sigmund Freud, Introductory Lectures 16.357). 1 1/25/10 Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud The Unconscious The “father of psychoanalysis” Born (1856) in Freiberg, Moravia into a Jewish family Moved at the age of 4 to Vienna The Unconscious Medical school, University of Psychic Determinism Vienna Levels of Consciousness Published in 1900, Interpretation Effects of Unconscious Motivation of Dreams Visits the US for two weeks in 1909 Origin and Nature of the Unconscious Leaves Vienna in 1938 due to Nazi aggression Dies in London in 1939 Psychic Determinism Psychic Determinism • proposes that underlying psychological factors Psychoanalysis: Freud’s theory and its cause symptoms and other behavior application in therapy • includes (for example) the impact of traumatic events as causes of psychopathology Examples: the theory described in this chapter, which investigates (analyzes) the unconscious form of therapy that involves exploration of the unconscious 2 1/25/10 Effects of Unconscious Levels of Consciousness Motivation Our mind is like an iceberg physical symptoms Conversion hysteria: form of neurosis in which psychological conflicts are expressed in conscious physical symptoms Hypnosis preconscious highly suggestible state, suggestions of the hypnotist influence the experience and the recall The majority of Psychosis our psyche is irrationality of the unconscious unconscious beneath the hallucinations surface Effects of Unconscious Origin and Nature of the Motivation Unconscious Dreams “the royal road to the unconscious” Repression manifest content (recalled story) personal experience latent content (interpretation) hedonic hypothesis psychopathology of everyday life Freudian slips, determined by the unconscious Humor We find jokes funny if they provide a safe release for unconscious conflicts projective tests The TAT The Rorschach Structures of the Personality Structures of the Personality 3 1/25/10 ID Id uses two basic techniques to reduce tension: Reflex Action and Primary Process At most primitive level, Id works by Reflex Action I.e., Reacts automatically to in/external irritants (E.g., sneezing, blinking, coughing, etc) If needed object not immediately available, Id forms mental image of it Primary process imagery production aimed at gratification Wish Fulfillment when infant’s image of desired object (e.g., food) Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development can (temporarily) fulfill desire SUPEREGO EGO Das Uberich "the over-I" Das Ich "the I" Emerges age 4 Emerges during first 6 months Strives for the ideal rather than the real Governed by Moral / Idealistic Principle Rational Self Functions divided into two spheres: Governed by reality principle Conscience Postpones discharge of energy until fosters morally right behavior by inhibiting impulses for pleasure appropriate situation or object in real world and by persuading ego to attend to moral concerns appears Ego ideal Secondary process: promotes idealistic/perfectionistic goals reality based problem solving Develops through incorporation I.e., creates a strategy for obtaining actual taking in of parents' values; defensive identification object or situation child internalizes moral values of same-sex parent INTRAPSYCHIC CONFLICT Energy Hypothesis . Energy Hypothesis Repression requires energy, and . Anxiety the more energy tied up in the . Defense Mechanisms conflict, the less energy is . Sublimation available for dealing with . Empirical Studies of Defenses current reality 4 1/25/10 anxiety EGO DEFENSE MECHANISMS Defense mechanisms operate unconsciously neurotic anxiety to protect the ego against the pain of anxiety Unconscious ego processes that keep moral anxiety disturbing, unconscious thoughts from being reality anxiety expressed directly An absolute necessity since conscious awareness of all of our myriad conflicting motives & impulses would be overwhelming Defense mechanisms operate in combination to protect ego from neurotic & moral anxiety Defense Mechanisms Defense Mechanisms . Denial . not acknowledging painful aspects of . Regression reality . Engaging in behavior associated w/pleasure of an earlier . Projection developmental period . people disguise their own threatening . Reaction Formation impulses by attributing them to others . the ego unconsciously switches . Defensive Identification unacceptable impulses into their opposites taking on others' characteristics to reduce one's anxiety . Undoing or negative emotions making symbolic retribution for an unacceptable impulse/act . Projective Identification . Rationalization rejecting threatening features of self and projecting them . offering self-justifying explanations in onto another place of the real, more threatening, . Displacement unconscious reasons for one’s actions . shifting sexual or aggressive impulses . Repression toward a more acceptable or less Most fundamental defense mechanism threatening object or person Actively excluding threatening thoughts from consciousness sublimation Empirical Studies of Defenses Finding a socially acceptable aim . projective tests and object for the expression of . Rorschach inkblot test an unacceptable impulse . Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) . self-report measures . Defense Mechanism Inventory May be expressed in: art Occupation 5 1/25/10 PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT erogenous zones psychosexual stages ORAL STAGE ANAL STAGE oral eroticism oral sadism toilet training weaning anal retentive (organized, oral character traits controlled) optimism anal expulsive (messy, passivity disorganized) dependency passive dependence anal character traits orderliness counterdependence parsimony obstinacy PHALLIC STAGE LATENCY genital zone Calming of sexual masturbation impulses fantasy of parental More socially and partner academically driven males: Oedipus conflict females: Electra conflict 6 1/25/10 GENITAL STAGE PSYCHOANALYTIC TREATMENT Puberty love and work "Where id was, there shall ego Focus on sexuality be." Genital character free association catharsis vanity; insight appearance; transference attention Countertransference Recovered memory controversy Psychoanalysis as a Scientific Theory Silverman's studies low reliability of projective subliminal psychodynamic tests activation "Mommy and I are one" validation through the "Beating Daddy is OK" psychoanalytic method effectiveness of therapy process of therapy (insight not necessary) Unconscious Influences Unconscious Cognition and the Body . Alternative Neurological explanations for the unconscious Basis for . Cognitive approaches Freudian Theory 7 1/25/10 CONCLUSION BASIC ASSUMTIONS: The Unconscious The major causes of behavior have their Structures of the Personality origin in the unconscious. Psychic determinism: all behavior has a Intrapsychic Conflict cause/reason. Behavior is motivated by instinctual Personality Development drives. Diferent parts of the unconscious mind Psychoanalytic Treatment are in constant struggle. Personality is shaped as the drives are Psychoanalysis as a Scientific Theory modified by diferent conflicts at diferent stages of one's life. 8 .