Consortium for Research on Educational Access, Transitions and Equity Debating Diversity in Provision of Universal Primary Education in Bangladesh Zia-Us-Sabur Manzoor Ahmed CREATE PATHWAYS TO ACCESS Research Monograph No. 34 May 2010 Institute of Education and Development, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh The Consortium for Educational Access, Transitions and Equity (CREATE) is a Research Programme Consortium supported by the UK Department for International Development (DFID). Its purpose is to undertake research designed to improve access to basic education in developing countries. It seeks to achieve this through generating new knowledge and encouraging its application through effective communication and dissemination to national and international development agencies, national governments, education and development professionals, non-government organisations and other interested stakeholders. Access to basic education lies at the heart of development. Lack of educational access, and securely acquired knowledge and skill, is both a part of the definition of poverty, and a means for its diminution. Sustained access to meaningful learning that has value is critical to long term improvements in productivity, the reduction of inter-generational cycles of poverty, demographic transition, preventive health care, the empowerment of women, and reductions in inequality. The CREATE partners CREATE is developing its research collaboratively with partners in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. The lead partner of CREATE is the Centre for International Education at the University of Sussex. The partners are: The Centre for International Education, University of Sussex: Professor Keith M Lewin (Director) The Institute of Education and Development, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh: Dr Manzoor Ahmed The National University of Educational Planning and Administration, Delhi, India: Professor R Govinda The Education Policy Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa: Dr Shireen Motala The Universities of Education at Winneba and Cape Coast, Ghana: Professor Jerome Djangmah Professor Joseph Ghartey Ampiah The Institute of Education, University of London: Professor Angela W Little Disclaimer The research on which this paper is based was commissioned by the Consortium for Research on Educational Access, Transitions and Equity (CREATE http://www.create-rpc.org). CREATE is funded by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) for the benefit of developing countries and is coordinated from the Centre for International Education, University of Sussex. 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Copyright © CREATE 2010 ISBN: 0-901881-32-5 Address for correspondence: CREATE, Centre for International Education, Department of Education, School of Education & Social Work, Essex House University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9RH, UK Tel: + 44 (0) 1273 877984 Fax: + 44 (0) 1273 877534 Author email: [email protected] [email protected] Website: http://www.create-rpc.org Email [email protected] Please contact CREATE using the details above if you require a hard copy of this publication. Debating Diversity in Provision of Universal Primary Education in Bangladesh Zia-Us-Sabur Manzoor Ahmed CREATE PATHWAYS TO ACCESS Research Monograph No. 34 May 2010 ii Contents Preface................................................................................................................................ vi Summary........................................................................................................................... vii 1. Introduction..................................................................................................................... 1 2. Primary Education Provisions in Bangladesh................................................................. 4 3. Policy background ........................................................................................................ 10 3.1 Historical policy context......................................................................................... 10 3.2 Current policy ambiguity about multiple provisions .............................................. 12 3.3 NGO initiatives: BRAC .......................................................................................... 13 3.4 Education Policy Commissions .............................................................................. 14 4. Why diversity of provision?.......................................................................................... 18 5. SWAPs and Multiple Provision in Primary Education................................................. 23 6. Conclusions................................................................................................................... 26 References......................................................................................................................... 29 Appendices........................................................................................................................ 33 List of Tables Table 1: Number of primary schools, teachers and students (government and non- government schools) (1990-2005) ...................................................................................... 4 Table 2: Breakdown of primary providers, with enrolment and teacher numbers 2004 (excluding NGO-operated non-formal primary education) ................................................ 6 Table 3: Percentage distribution of primary school students by school type, 2008 ........... 8 Table 4: Completion Rates in different types of primary schools, 2008 (percentages based on reconstructed cohort analysis)...................................................................................... 20 Table 5: Mean numbers of competencies achieved by grade 5 students, 2008 (out of 27 tested competencies) ......................................................................................................... 21 iii List of Acronyms ADB Asian Development Bank AED Academy for Educational Development AKF Aga Khan Foundation BRAC Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (Renamed Building Resources Across Communities) BEP BRAC Education Programme CAMPE Campaign for Popular Education CAR Country Analytic Review CFPR Challenging the Frontiers of Poverty Reduction CREATE Consortium for Research on Educational Access Transitions and Equity DPE Directorate of Primary Education DPs Development Partners EFA Education for All GPS Government Primary School ICT Information and Communication Technology MDG Millennium Development Goals MOPME Ministry of Primary and Mass Education NCTB National Curriculum and Textbook Board NFPE Non-Formal Primary Education NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NSP Non-State Provider PEDP Primary Education Development Programme PPS Partnership with Primary School PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper/Programme PTA Pathways to Access PTI Primary Teacher Training Institute RNGPS Registered Non-Government Primary School ROSC Reaching Out-of-school Children SMC School Managing Committee SSA sub-Saharan Africa SWAP Sector-Wide Approach UIS UNESCO Institute of Statistics UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation UPE Universal Primary Education USAID United States Agency for International Development WB World Bank iv Acknowledgements The importance of multiple providers for achieving universal primary education has come to the fore in Bangladesh in the context of designing a new phase of a national primary education development programme and the debate about a new national education policy. The inspiration for this monograph came from an on-going national discourse on diversity in provisions. The writers enriched their understanding of the significance and various dimensions of the issue by participating in the national discourse, especially in the consultations organized by the Campaign for Popular Education (CAMPE), a national forum of NGOs active in basic education; and in preparing briefs for the government on behalf of CAMPE. Comments were provided on the draft of the paper by Keith Lewin and Frances Hunt, in respect of both the substance and presentation of the content. Frances Hunt and Benjamin Zeitlyn helped in editing the text and preparing the manuscript for publication. All this invaluable assistance is gratefully acknowledged. v Preface This research monograph explores how providers other than the State can contribute to universalising access to basic education. In Bangladesh as elsewhere non state providers of educational services provide complementary and alternative forms of education. The reach those who chose to opt out of government schools because of concerns for quality, those with a preference for some other type of provision, and those in places where government service is difficult or impossible to access. Achieving the goals of Education for All is widely seen to be a state responsibility with a core of public provision financed from the public purse. Other providers