Mini Risk Assessment Passionvine mealybug: Planococcus minor (Maskell) [Pseudococcidae: Hemiptera] Robert C. Venette & Erica E. Davis Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota St. Paul, MN 55108 March 2, 2004 Introduction Planococcus minor is a significant pest of more than 250 host plants in the Afrotropical, Australasian, Nearctic, Neotropical, and Oriental regions (Williams 1985, Ben-Dov 1994, USDA 2000, CAB 2003). Banana, citrus, cocoa, coffee, corn, grape, mango, potato and soybean are among the more notable agricultural crops that may be affected by this pest. The likelihood and consequences of establishment by P. minor in the US have been evaluated previously in commodity-based pest risk assessments. Previous analyses have concluded that the likelihood of this pest becoming established in the US is high and the consequences of its establishment would be severe. This new document is intended to provide useful information about whether P. minor should be the focus of a pest survey, and if so, to identify and evaluate available survey techniques. A B Figure 1. A. Line drawing of an adult Planococcus minor [Reproduced from Cox, 1989]. B. Citrus infested with Pseudococcus sp. [Image from http://floriculture.tamu.edu:81/syllabi/422/pics/arthropd/cm.htm] 1. Ecological Suitability. Rating: Medium. Planococcus minor is considered widespread through much of its geographic range, primarily in the tropics and subtropics (Williams 1985, Williams and Watson 1988, Cox 1989, Williams and Granara de Willink 1992, Ben-Dov 1994, USDA 2000). Planococcus minor is thought to be one of six species with origins in the Old World, and likely introduced to the Neotropics by trade (Cox 1989) The currently reported global distribution of P. minor suggests that the pest may be most closely associated with biomes characterized as desert and xeric shrubland; temperate grassland, CAPS PRA: Planococcus minor savannahs, and shrubland; and tropical and subtropical moist broad leaf forest. Consequently, we estimate that approximately 52% of the continental US would have a suitable climate for P. minor (Fig. 2). See Appendix A for a more complete description of this analysis. Figure 2. Predicted distribution of Planococcus minor in the continental US. 2. Host Specificity/Availability. Rating: High/High. This pest is highly polyphagous and feeds on a variety of wild and cultivated plants. There are more than 250 reported host plants in nearly 80 families, including: Acanthaceae: ilang-ilang (Cananga odorata) Aphelandra sp. soursop (Annona muricata) Graptophyllum sp. sugar apple (Annona squamosa) Justica carnea Apiaceae: Odontonema sp. wild celery (Apium graveolens) Pachystachys cocineae Apocynaceae: Agavaceae: templetree (Plumeria rubra) Mauritius hemp (Furcraea foetida Araceae: [=gigantea]) Aglaonema sp. Amaranthaceae: Anthurium sp. Amaranthus sp. arrowleaf elephant’s ear cock’s comb (Celosia sp.) (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) Anacardiaceae: centipede tongavine (Epipremnum cashew (Anacardium occidentale) pinnatum) Jewish plum (Spondias dulcis) coco yam (Colocasia esculenta mango (Mangifera indica) [=antiquorum]) Rhus sp. Cryptosperma chamissonis Annonaceae: Dieffenbachia sp. custard apple (Annona reticulata) CAPS PRA: Planococcus minor 2 giant taro (Alocasia macrorrhizos Terminalia sp. [=macrorhiza]) Commelinaceae: Philodendron fonzii Commelina sp. purplestem taro (Xanthosoma Tradescantia sp. violaceum [=nigrum]) Compositae: Rhaphidophora vitiensis beggarticks (Bidens pilosa) taro (Alocasia sp.) Cichorium endivia water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) climbing hempvine (Mikania Araliaceae: scandens) Aralia sp. Dahlia sp. geranium aralia (Polyscias elegant zinnia (Zinnia violacea guilfoylei) [=elegans]) ivy (Hedera sp.) Emilia sonchifolia Schefflera actinphylla French marigold (Tagetes patula) Asclepiadaceae: Helianthus sp. bladder flower (Araujia sericofera) nodeweed (Synedrella nodiflora) Hoya sp. sweetscent (Pluchea odorata) Asteraceae: Tithonia sp. Emilia sonifolia Wedelia biflora ironweed (Vernonia sp.) Convolvulaceae: Balsaminaceae: Ipomoea pes-caprae Impatiens sultani Merremia peltata spotted snapweed (Impatiens sweet potato(Ipomoea batatas) balsamina) Corynocarpaceae: Barringtoniaceae: Corynocarpus sp. Barringtonia asiatica Cruciferae: Bischofiaceae: cabbage (Brassica oleracea) Bischofia javanica Chinese cabbage/pak choi Boraginaceae: (Brassica chinensis) Assyrian plum (Cordia myxa) radish (Raphanus sativus) Spanish elm (Cordia alliodora) Cucurbitaceae: Tournefortia argentata cantaloupe (Cucumis melo) Bromeliaceae: chayote (Sechium edule) pineapple (Ananas comosus) crookneck squash (Cucurbita Burseraceae: moschata) Canarium harveyi cucumber (Cucumis sativus) Canarium indicum pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) Cactaceae: sinkwa towelsponge (Luffa Harrisia portaricensis actangula) Cannaceae: watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Canna sp. winter squash (Cucurbita maxima) Casuarinaceae: Cyperaceae: Casuarina equisetifolia nutgrass (Cyperus rotundus) Combretaceae: Dioscoreaceae: Lumnitzera coccinea water yam (Dioscorea alata) Terminalia catappa Ebenaceae: CAPS PRA: Planococcus minor 3 mabolo (Diospyros blancoi Erythrina sp. [=discolor]) Flemingia sp. Ehretiaceae: flor de conchitas (Centrosema Euphorbiaceae: pubescens) Acalypha godseffiana Gliricidia maculata Acalypha tricolor Gliricidia sepium Antidesma sp. hoarypea (Tephrosia sp.) bristly copperleaf (Acalypha Inocarpus fagifer hispida) kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Indian walnut (Aleurites lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) moluccana) Napoleon’s plume (Bauhinia barbados nut (Jatropha curcas) monandra) Cassava utilissima notched cowpea (Vigna marina) castor bean (Ricinus communis) peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Croton sp. pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan Euphorbia atoto [=indicus]) Excoecaria agallocha purple bushbean (Macroptilium gale of the wind (Phyllanthus atropurpureum [=Phaseolus niruri) atropurpureus]) garden croton (Codiaeum quickstick (Gliricidia sepium) variegatum) red beadtree (Adenanthera Glochidion ramiflorum pavonina) Macaranga aleuritoides shameplant (Mimosa pudica) Macaranga harveyana small Philippine acacia (Acacia Macaranga macrophylla confusa) Mallotus japonicus soybean (Glycine max) Mexican fireplant (Euphorbia stickpea (Calliandra houstoniana) heterophylla [=geniculata]) sweet acacia (Acacia farnesiana) paraso leaf tree (Macaranga tamarind (Tamarindus sp.) tanarius) Vigna sp. poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) white leadtree (Leucaena rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) leucocephala [=glauca]) tapioca (Manihot esculenta) winged bean (Psophocarpus Fabaceae: tetragonolobus) Acacia holosericea Wisteria sp. Acacia sp. Geraniaceae: Acacia spirobis Geranium sp. black mimosa (Mimosa pigra) Gramineae: blackeyed pea (Vigna unguiculata) corn (Zea mays) Cassia imperialis sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) cowitch (Mucuna pruriens) Guttiferae: crybaby tree (Erythrina crista- Alexandrian laurel (Calophyllum galli) inophyllum) emperor’s candlesticks (Senna Heliconiaceae: alata [=Cassia alata]) Heliconia aurantiaca Erythrina brasiliensis Iridaceae: CAPS PRA: Planococcus minor 4 Gladiolus sp. Indian rubberplant (Ficus elastica) Lamiaceae: jackfruit (Artocarpus Anisomeles indica [=Epimeredi heterophyllus) indicus] Morus sp. Coleus sp. paper mulberry (Broussonetia comb bushmint (Hyptis pectinata) papyrifera) common coleus (Coleus weeping fig (Ficus benjamina) scutellaroides [=blumei]) white mulberry (Morus alba) holy basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum Musaceae: [=sanctum]) French plantain (Musa sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) xparadisiaca (pro sp.) Lauraceae: [acuminata xbalbisiana] [=M. avocado (Persea americana) sapientum]) Liliaceae: hairy banana (Musa velutina) Caesia parviflora Myristiaceae: common asparagus fern Myristica macrantha (Asparagus setaceus Myrtaceae: [=plumosus]) guava (Psidium guajava) Dracaena sp. Indonesian gum (Eucalyptus poisonbulb (Crinum asiaticum) deglupta) Loganiaceae: Java plum (Syzygium cumini Fagraea racemosa [=Eugenia cumini]) Lythraceae: Malaysian plum (Syzygium crapemyrtle (Lagerstroemia indica) malaccense [=Eugenia Pemphis acidula malaccensis]) Magnoliaceae: Nyctaginaceae: Michelia figo red spiderling (Boerhavia diffusa) Malvaceae: Oleaceae: cotton (Gossypium sp.) jasmine (Jasminum sp.) Hibiscus manihot Onagraceae: Indian mallow (Abutilon sp.) Mexican primrose-willow Portia tree (Thespesia populnea) (Ludwigia octovalis) sea hibiscus (Hibiscus tiliaceus) Orchidaceae: swampmallow (Pavonia sp.) Dendrobium veratrifolium Marantaceae: Palmae: Maranta sp. Balaka seemanni Moraceae: betel palm (Areca catechu) breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis butterfly palm (Dypsis [=communis]) [=Chrysalidocarpus] sp.) Castilloa elastica coconut palm (Cocos nucifera) Ficus congesta sentrypalm (Howeia forsteriana) Ficus opositica Pandanaceae: fig, edible (Ficus carica) Pandanus edulis Pandanus foetida Pandanus maliformis Moraceae (continued): CAPS PRA: Planococcus minor 5 Tahitian screwpine (Pandanus Rubiaceae (continued): tectorius [=odoratissimus]) woodland false buttonweed Passifloraceae (Spermacoce assurgens purple granadilla (Passiflora [=Borreria laevis]) edulis) Rutaceae: Periploaceae: Evodia hortensis Monidia citrifolia grapefruit (Citrus xparadisi Piperaceae: (pro.sp.) [maxima x sinensis]) black pepper (Piper nigrum) lemon (Citrus limon) higuillo de hoja menuda (Piper lime (Citrus aurantifolia) aduncum) orange, Mexican (Choisya sp.) kava (Piper methysticum) orange, sour (Citrus aurantium) Piper puberulum orange, sweet (Citrus sinensis) Poaceae: shaddock (Citrus maxima bamboo (Bambusa sp.) [=grandis]) rice (Oryza sativa) Sapindaceae: