LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO presented to the UNIVERSITY LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO by Dr. Helen S. Nicholson ABERDEEN UNIVERSITY PRESS. HISTORY OF SPAIN FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE DEATH OF FERDINAND THE CATHOLIC ULICK RALPH BURKE, M.A. SECOND EDITION EDITED, WITH ADDITIONAL NOTES AND AN INTRODUCTION, BY MARTIN A. S. HUME " KUITOR OF THE CALENDARS OF SPANISH STATE PAPERS," PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE, " AUTHOR OF "SPAIN, 1479-1788," "MODERN SPAIN, 1788-1898," PHILIP II.," ETC., ETC.. ETC. IN TWO VOLUMES VOL. II. LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. 39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON NEW YORK AND BOMBAY i goo TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER XXXV. PAGE LITERATURE i CHAPTER XXXVI. NAVARRE , 13 CHAPTER XXXVII. UNION 1. Henry the Impotent 26 2. Ferdinand of A ragon 33 3. La Beltraneja , . 35 4. The Queen of Castile 38 CHAPTER XXXVIII. THE REFORMS OF ISABELLA 43 CHAPTER XXXIX. RELIGIOUS TOLERATION i- ...... 55 2. 58 CHAPTER XL. THE INQUISITION i 65 2. 72 3- 77 4. ....'... 80 5- 85 CHAPTER XLI. GRANADA - 1. Moslem Civilisation . -90 2. The Rise of Granada .92 ' 3. Boabdil . 96 4. Gonsalvo de Cordova 103 vi CONTENTS. PAGE CHAPTER XLII. COLUMBUS 1. The Genoese Adventurer ......... 107 2. The Admiral of the Ocean ........ 114 CHAPTER XLII I. THE BANISHMENT OF THE JEWS 118 CHAPTER XLIV. NEGOTIATIONS WITH ENGLAND AND FRANCE . 132 CHAPTER XLV. THE SPANIARDS IN ITALY 1. Alexander VI. 138 2. Charles VIII. in Italy . '.'. 142 Gonsalvo de Cordova at 3. Naples ....... 146 CHAPTER XLVI. ROYAL MARRIAGES 1. Schemes of Empire . 153 2. Negotiations in England 158 CHAPTER XLVII. THE RISE OF XIMENEZ 165 CHAPTER XLVIII. COLUMBUS 176 CHAPTER XLIX. THE MORISCOS . 181 CHAPTER L. THE GREAT CAPTAIN , 190 CHAPTER LI. THE REVIVAL OF LETTERS IN SPAIN ; . 202 CHAPTER LII. ALCALA 1. The University . 210 2. The Complutensian Polyglot ...... 214 CONTENTS. vii PAGE CHAPTER LIII. DEATH OF ISABELLA 219 CHAPTER LIV. THE LAST VOYAGE OF COLUMBUS 233 CHAPTER LV. FERDINAND TRIUMPHANT 1. La Beltraneja and La Loco, ........ 237 2. Villafafila 243 CHAPTER LVI. PHILIP I. OF CASTILE 247 CHAPTER LVII. JUANA LA LOCA 1. Las Cuentas del Gran Capitan ....... 254 2. Joanna at Tordesillas 259 CHAPTER LVIII. THE RETIREMENT OF XIMENEZ 265 CHAPTER LIX. A KINGDOM OF ITALY 270 CHAPTER LX. THE LAST DAYS OF FERDINAND 1. Annexation of Navarre 277 2. Henry VIII. of England 281 Death Ferdinand 3. of ......... 184 CHAPTER LXI. OESAR 1. Supplementary ........... 288 2. Carolus Rex Romanorum ......... 288 3. The Germania of Valencia . 292 The Comuneros Castile 4. of ......... 294 viii CONTENTS. PAGE CHAPTER LXII. ARCHITECTURE 1. Christian Architecture 302 2. Moslem Architecture 310 CHAPTER LXIII. MONETARY AND COMMERCIAL SYSTEMS 1. Coinage 318 2. Commercial Treaties j 324 CHAPTER LXIV. THE BULL FIGHT 328 CHAPTER LXV. Music 335 APPENDICES. I. JUDICIAL TORTURE . ...... 351 II. CLUNY 353 III. EARLY SPANISH MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 1. Spanish-Arab Musical Instruments of the Ninth and Tenth Centuries 355 2. Musical Instruments in use in Christian Spain in the Thirteenth Century, from the Illuminated MS. of the Cantigas of Alfonso X., circa 1275 358 3. List of Musical Instruments in common or popular use in Spain, according to Juan Ruiz, A rchpriest of Hita, in the middle of the Fourteenth Century . .-..-. 360 MAPS. I. SPAIN, A.D. 325 IV. SPAIN, A.D. 1135 II. SPAIN, A.D. 570 V. SPAIN, A. D. 1360-1492 III. SPAIN, A.D. 900 VI. NAVARRE, A.D. 1500 ' HISTORY OF SPAIN. CHAPTER XXXV. LITERATURE. (13751475.) IF Alvaro de Luna was at once the most important personage and the most remarkable man in the kingdom of Castile during the reign of John II., the king was not without more worthy and less masterful favourites, whose learning provoked no jealousy on the part of the minister. From the death of Alfonso X. neither science nor polite letters had been held in much esteem in Spain. His nephew, indeed, Don John Manuel, in his Moral Tales the of in his fantastic ; archpriest Hita, poetry ; Lopez de Ayala, in his simple Chronicle, had almost alone maintained the honour of Castilian letters from the days of Count Lucanor to the days of the Marquis of Santillana, a period of close upon 1 200 years. But with John II. a new era was opened in Castile. The temper of the king, unlike that of his great predecessor, was literary rather than scientific, pedantic rather than scholarly, formal rather than substantial, graceful rather than profound. The new influence came rather from Italy than from Andalusia. Aragon, the refuge and the home of the Provenal troubadours in the thirteenth century, had stretched out her hands in the fourteenth century to Sicily, and in the fifteenth century to 2 time of the Naples ; and long before the Ferdinand Catholic, 1 la Gayangos and Ticknor, Hist, de lileratura EspaHola (1864), Introd. , p. 6. (Lopez de Ayala's Rimado de Palacio must not be forgotten. It is true that the three writers named were, wit the author of the Poema de Jost Sent Tob, and Yafiez the author of the rhymed cbi^nicle of Alfonso XL, the only men who illus- trated literature in Spain in the fourteenth century, yet they produced work of the first importance. H.) 2 According to Bruce-Whyte, Histoire des Langues Romanes (Paris, 1841), torn. ii. in its , cap. xxviii., the Castilian language was hardly affected development by the language of the Gay saber ; yet it was to some extent the Proven9al that com- VOL. II. 1 2 HISTORY OF SPAIN. [A.D. who cared little for the polite letters of any nation or country, the kingdom of Aragon, rich with the intellectual as well as the material spoils of Italy, had conquered literary Castile. Yet the vanquished surpassed and survived the victor. The spirit of died in the of Provence was Italy away United Spain ; language and in another the Castilian literature became forgotten ; century the admiration of Europe, while the Castilian language was 1 spoken throughout the world. As far as poetry is concerned, from the middle of the fourteenth century to the middle of the fifteenth century Aragon was far ahead of Castile. Peter the Cruel was not a man to cultivate polite letters. His rival at Saragossa was not a a of it for him only poet, but patron poets ; and was that Jacme or Jayme, the first of the distinguished family of March, compiled, in 1371, the Diccionario de Rimas. His more distinguished namesake, Augustin or Ausias March, the great light of Aragonese literature in the fifteenth century, was born at Valencia, probably about 1405, and lived to 1460. He wrote a large number of cants, or small poems, in the style of Petrarch, which were applauded by his contemporaries, and frequently printed during the sixteenth century. His friend, Jaume or Jayme Roig, a Valencian like himself, who survived him by some eighteen years (ob. 1478), and who is supposed to have been court physician to the high-spirited Queen Maria, the regent of Aragon during the continued absence of Alfonso V., has left a Libre de Cornells, directed chiefly against the female sex, and written nominally for the edification and government of his nephew Belthazar. 2 the Latin. Ibid. i. 12. As the influence was pleted , , regards literature, Provencal indirect rather than direct in Castile. 1 The Provencal language or dialect had certainly died out in Aragon in the fourteenth century. And about the middle of that century the Catalan became the of the Bruce- ubi torn. ii. literary language country. Whyte, supra, , 406-412. (This note conveys a somewhat false impression Provengal was never the language of the people of the Kingdom of Aragon. It was the language of literature under the influence of the troubadours and Catalan a form of still ; Provencal was, and is, the of the Catalans have common speech ; but the Aragonese always spoken a similar language with Castilians. H.) 2 The philosophic basis of the works of Ausias March is insisted upon by Senor Menendez Pelayo, Hist, de las ideas Esteticas en Espana, i., 392-4, where will also be found some interesting references, and a list of the works in Spanish literature treating of Ausias March and his school. (The reader should be again reminded that the author is apt to refer to Catalans and Valencians, whose respective coun- tries were ruled by kings of Aragon, as if they were Aragonese. This was very far from being the case. March was a pure Valencian, writing in the Valencian variety of Catalan, and his works reflected glory on Valencia and Catalonia, but in no sense upon the kingdom of Aragon. H.) 3 1384.] LITERATURE. Of the various minor poets whose names are scarce re- membered, and whose works are assuredly forgotten, no more need be said than that they lived. And of the ephemeral verses of the refined cavaliers who vied with and patronised them, no more need be said than that they were written. After Ferdinand of Castile had brought peace to Aragon at the beginning of the fifteenth century, the Consistories or feasts of revived with much enthusiasm at Tortosa the poetry were ; king in person presided at the literary contests and distributed prizes among the successful competitors. In Castile already in the reign of Henry III., Alfonso Alvarez de Villa Sandino of Illescas had written some verses in the Provencal or courtly style, which were admired by his con- and a certain Francisco of a Sevillian temporaries ; Imperial, family, wrote a poem in the early days of John II. upon an adventure in the camp of Tamerlane, 1 which has received the commendation of Ticknor.