It Took a Tenants’ Movement: Tenants and the Making of Habitations Jeanne-Mance (1959-1994) Pierson Christopher Nettling A Thesis in The Department of Geography, Planning and Environment Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Science (Geography, Urban and Environmental Studies) at Concordia University Montreal, Quebec, Canada July 2017 © Pierson Christopher Nettling, 2017 CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY School of Graduate Studies This is to certify that this thesis prepared By: Pierson Christopher Nettling Entitled: It Took a Tenants’ Movement: Tenants and the Making of Habitations Jeanne- Mance (1959-1994) and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science (Geography, Planning, and Environment) Signed by the final Examining Committee: Dr. Zachary Patterson _____________________ Chair Dr. Norma Rantisi _____________________ Examiner Dr. Sean Mills _____________________ Examiner Dr. Ted Rutland _____________________ Supervisor Approved by _______________________________________________ Dr. Pascale Biron Chair of Department ___________ 2017 ________________________ Date Dean of Faculty Abstract This thesis demonstrates how public housing tenants in Habitations Jeanne-Mance (HJM) used their collective agency to challenge governance power within HJM and Montreal from 1959 to 1994. Written from the perspective of tenants and positioned in relation to urban governance studies on public housing within human geography, which consistently undervalue the agency of tenants to shape or challenge governance structures, this history of the tenants’ movement within HJM critiques this prevailing view in documenting how tenants governed from below in altering the historical trajectory of their housing project. Framing these tenant struggles historically in relation to governance within a from below dialectical approach grounded within a Gramscian reading of “war of position,” I detail how tenants constructed HJM as a space of resistance to elite power and governance. In constructing this space of resistance, I contend the tenants alone fundamentally shaped the history of HJM as a housing project. Situating their movements within the Left and citywide housing movements in Montreal from the 1960s to the 1990s, HJM for tenants from this era became the modality in which these tenants lived their politics. Incorporating class-based politics within the shifting Quebec nationalist positions into their struggles that shaped the institutions tenants established within HJM and their neighbourhood, the tenants’ movement was sustained by the formation of a white Québécois political bloc within the tenants association. With these foundations, tenants challenged local elite political power over the rental contract in demanding recognition in the 1960s; formed the tenants association in the 1970s; campaigned for tenants’ management in the 1980s; and defeated social mix redevelopment plans in the 1990s. Through these struggles, tenants changed how the political class within Montreal historically understood HJM and culminated in the tenants making HJM a present-day outlier within postwar era public housing history in North America. iii Table of Contents Abstract iii Acknowledgements v Dedication x Abbreviation of Terms xi “La complainte de Jo-Crisse” xii Introduction: In the Shadows of the Tower Block 1 Part 1: Laying the Foundations, 1954-1970 Chapter 1: The Making of a Rental Contract 33 Chapter 2: Making Alliances 56 Chapter 3: Scaffolding Revolutionaries 79 Part 2: Governing from Below, 1974-1994 Chapter 4: The Tenants Association and the Politics of Everyday Life 107 Chapter 5: Solidifying a Québécois Political Bloc 120 Chapter 6: Firing the Landlord 151 Conclusion: Tenants Matter 177 Bibliography 187 iv Acknowledgements Four years ago, if someone had told me that I would go on to research and write an urban history focused thesis for a graduate degree of a tenants’ movement that transpired across multiple decades within one public housing project in Montreal, Quebec, situated on unceded and colonized Kanien’keha:ka (Mohawk) territory, I would have probably told the person that I doubt I would have beeen qualified to take on such a task. Yet the story that I will attempt to tell in the following pages is concerned with public housing tenants and the history they collectively lived for over thirty years within Habitations Jeanne-Mance, the now oldest public housing project that is still standing in Canada. Now about four year on—and close to one-hundred visits later to the Montreal city archives—I would like to thank the tenants, workers, priests, nuns, social activists, social workers, students, labour unionists, and even former administrators of Habitations Jeanne-Mance who both lived and interacted within a city from 1959 to 1994 that I have personally had a hard time trying to imagine. It is because of these numerous unnamed people whose lives this story is ultimately about that has made this project the most rewarding and personal fulfilling journey that I have ever tried and successfully finished. The journeys I took with the people who fill these pages will stay with me for the rest of my life. Over the these rather long four years, countless individuals and friends have helped me along the way in my travels within academia. This usually goes without saying—especially if you knew me before Montreal—but I would not have gone to Concordia without the continued guidance of Elvin Wyly and Trevor Barnes at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia. In 2013, at the yearly undergraduate geography gala, I told Trevor that I was rejected from the two graduate programs that I had applied to for graduate studies. Having spent v the previous four days thinking about what I was going to do with my life, I told Trevor over dinner and geography trivia that I wanted to keep on going down the academic path, wherever it may happen to lead. So that’s how I met Ted Rutland, his former student and my eventual supervisor. So thanks, Ted, for thinking that I had some kind of academic talent. What I ended up accomplishing in the following pages has fundamentally changed my life and I must, above all, thank you for the opportunity. I must also thank Norma Rantisi, who served as my unofficial co-supervisor and fellow Midwesterner while in Montreal. Without Norma answering my emails— which were mostly about life and not this thesis—most of the following pages may not have seen the light of day. Having arrived in Montreal in 2013 I found Concordia to be a fascinating experience in actively being connected within a department that was more or less—and sometimes literally— in the process of being constructed. From those early days the people who have been with me since the beginning have been Nick Revington, Trevor Smith, and Cassandra Lamontagne. Without the three of you, I’m not sure I would have survived the past few years. According to quacks on TV, the older you get, the more you are supposed to realize your quirks and accept them for what they truly are. You are also supposed to become overly sentimental. While I think I have been the overly sentimental type since birth, one of the oddities of mine has to do with making things as challenging and as difficult as possible. Without this challenge, I have to say that I have the tendency to become rather bored. How I went about avoiding an onset of boredom for this research was to delve into volumes of archival materials written in a language I do not really know or understand. This meant I required some help along the way and without the translating efforts of Stephanie Morán, who translated the tenant materials from 1974 to 1985 in the summer of 2014, this thesis probably would not have been vi possible. Stephanie also helped the research in conducting a tenant interview in Spanish—yet another language I can barely speak. In the massive undertaking that became the 1960s archival material—which I only discovered after my proposal defense in 2015—Genevieve Nadeau- Bonin graciously translated a handwritten letter I was unable to read by the tenants that advocated for a children’s playground space in the late 1960s. While this effort by both the tenants and Genevieve didn’t make it into the final draft, Genevieve translated the first organized collective demand by the tenants to the city of Montreal that led to the tenants establishing Loisirs Saint Jacques, an organization that still exists today to serve the children and youth of Habitations Jeanne-Mance. Continuing along the sentimental path, I would also like to especially thank Simon Vickers and Akira Drake-Rodriguez for being my co-conspirators for this thesis. Simon and I research the same city, the same time period, and more or less have the same historical interests. Since Simon is an urban historian this must mean we study the same subfield within urban history. In the end, I’m not entirely sure. Having one foot in geography and another in history has been an odd experience, but Simon has helped me firmly plant my left foot into the historical cement. Simon also helped me figure out what “locataire” meant in French in his graduate office in the Concordia History department in 2013. As I said in the beginning, I really didn’t know the French language at all when I started this journey. Akira, on the other hand, helped me secure my geographical foundation—even if she likes to claim that she isn’t a geographer. Through the never-ending help, support, and connections of Elvin Wyly, I was given Akira’s email in 2014 and proceeded to pitch her my ideas about organizing a social movements from below session at the AAG in Chicago in 2015. Being on the geography side, Akira helped me find a comrade of sorts in that we also write about vii public housing, public housing tenants, and public housing history.