PROFESSIONAL SKI INSTRUCTORS OF AMERICA | AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF SNOWBOARD INSTRUCTORS Adaptive Snowsports Instruction PROFESSIONAL SKI INSTRUCTORS OF AMERICA | AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF SNOWBOARD INSTRUCTORS Adaptive Snowsports Instruction Credits EDUCATION DIRECTOR Linda J. Crockett EDITING ABC Editing Ink PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT Rebecca W. Ayers DESIGN & PRODUCTION EnZed Design ILLUSTRATIONS Greg Grigoriou PRINTING & PREPRESS American Web, Inc. GraphX, Inc. Sprint Press, Inc. © Copyright 2003 by the Professional Ski Instructors of America Education Foundation, Lakewood, Colorado. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without the prior written per- mission of the Professional Ski Instructors of America Education Foundation. ISBN 1-882409-24-8 Printed in the United States of America Printed on recycled paper P S I A | A A S I ADAPTIVESNOWSPORTSINSTRUCTION PSIA|AASI ADAPTIVE SNOWSPORTS INSTRUCTION Table of Contents Acknowledgments ..................................................1 CHAPTER 4: BLINDNESS AND LOW VISION ...................................................................31 Foreword........................................................................3 How the Eye Works......................................................31 Assessing the Extent of the Disability .......................32 Introducing Adaptive Skiing Equipment Selection and Setup ..................................32 and Riding....................................................................5 Communication Techniques ........................................32 What You Will Not Find in this Manual .........................5 Guiding Techniques .....................................................33 Etiquette and Responsibility ........................................5 Guiding Inside the Lodge, Corrals, and on the Flats ......33 Etiquette...................................................................6 Guiding from the Front while Skiing or Responsibility ............................................................6 Snowboarding Backwards..........................................34 Other Guidelines for Fun and Safe Skiing Guiding from the Side...............................................34 and Snowboarding .....................................................6 Guiding from Behind.................................................34 Additional Variables for a Great Lesson ........................7 Guiding from the Front while Skiing or Snowboarding Forward .............................................34 CHAPTER 1: DISABILITY AWARENESS Teaching Information ..................................................35 AND MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY .................................9 Beginner/Novice Zone...............................................35 The Disabilities.............................................................9 Intermediate Zone, Introducing Pole Use ....................38 Amputations and Limb Deficiency................................9 Advanced Zone........................................................39 Spinal Cord Injury .....................................................10 Neuromuscular Diseases.............................................11 CHAPTER 5: USING OUTRIGGERS .......................41 Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke) and Outrigger Sizing ..........................................................41 Traumatic Brain Injury ...............................................13 Three-track and Four-track Skiers ...............................41 Diabetes...................................................................13 Mono-skiers.............................................................42 Visual Impairment.....................................................14 Bi-skiers ..................................................................42 Developmental and Cognitive Disabilities.....................14 Outrigger Brake Adjustment ......................................42 Pharmacology 101........................................................16 Using the Outrigger....................................................42 Rotary Movements ...................................................42 CHAPTER 2: STUDENT ASSESSMENT ...............19 Edging Movements...................................................44 Pressuring Movements .............................................44 CHAPTER 3: DEVELOPMENTAL AND Enhancing Balance...................................................44 COGNITIVE DISABILITIES.......................................23 Assessing Cognitive Development ..............................23 CHAPTER 6: EQUIPMENT AND STANCE Assessing Physical Development................................24 FOR STAND-UP SKIERS ..........................................45 Teaching Information ..................................................25 Developing a Skiing Stance ........................................45 Using Fun, Games, and Props for Learning ..................25 Start with the Feet ...................................................46 Behavior Modification...............................................26 Leg-length Assessment.............................................46 Teaching Information ..................................................27 Adjusting the Equipment—Boots ................................47 Beginner/Novice Zone...............................................27 Flex and Fit..............................................................47 Intermediate Zone—Introducing Pole Use ...................29 Slant Board..............................................................47 Advanced Zone........................................................30 Ski Selection and Modification....................................47 Adaptive Equipment Options ......................................47 Physical Assists for Stand-up Skiers .........................48 Conclusion..................................................................49 CHAPTER 7: THREE-TRACK SKIING ...................51 CHAPTER 11: BI-SKIING ..........................................77 Definition of Three-track Skiing ..................................51 Assessment Specific to Bi-skiers ...............................77 Assessment Specific to Three-track Skiers.................51 Teaching Information ..................................................79 Equipment Selection and Setup ..................................53 Beginner/Novice Zone...............................................79 Teaching Information ..................................................53 Intermediate Zone.....................................................81 Beginner/Novice Zone...............................................53 Advanced Zone........................................................82 Intermediate Zone....................................................55 Teaching Bi-skiing using Fixed Outriggers ...................82 Advanced Zone........................................................56 CHAPTER 12: ADAPTIVE SNOWBOARDING ......85 CHAPTER 8: FOUR-TRACK SKIING ....................57 Safety ........................................................................85 Definition of Four-track Skiing....................................57 Assessment Specific to Adaptive Snowboarders ........85 Assessment Specific to Four-track Skiers..................57 Equipment Choices.....................................................86 Equipment Selection and Setup..................................58 Adaptive Tools............................................................87 Teaching Information..................................................59 Teaching Concepts......................................................89 Beginner/Novice Zone ..............................................59 Sample Progressions..................................................89 Intermediate Zone....................................................62 Levels 1 to 4, Early Skill Development.........................89 Advanced Zone........................................................62 Levels 5 and 6, Advanced Skill Development...............90 Conclusion..................................................................90 CHAPTER 9: EQUIPMENT FOR SIT-SKIERS ...................................................................63 CHAPTER 13: ADAPTIVE NORDIC SKIING........91 Assessment Specific to Sit-skiers..............................63 Nordic Stand-up Skiing ...............................................91 Suggested Assessment Questions..............................63 Nordic Sit-skiing.........................................................92 Suggested Assessment Exercises...............................63 Equipment...............................................................92 Other Important Factors ...........................................64 Teaching Information................................................93 Equipment Selection ..................................................64 Conclusion..................................................................95 Equipment Setup........................................................66 Additional Measurements and Adjustments CHAPTER 14: ACCESSIBILITY AT to Consider.................................................................68 SKIING AND SNOWBOARDING AREAS ..............97 Measurement of Left and Right Angulation.................68 Measurement of Rotation .........................................68 REFERENCES................................................................99