Zöller, Madeleine E.T. (2013) Assessing the interrelationship between sacrifice, real presence, and communion in recent Roman Catholic theology. PhD thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4566/ Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten:Theses http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] Assessing the Interrelationship between Sacrifice, Real Presence, and Communion in Recent Roman Catholic Theology Madeleine Eugenia Therese Zöller Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) College of Arts School of Critical Studies Theology and Religious Studies University of Glasgow March 2013 2 Abstract In this thesis, I investigate the centrality of the sacrifice in the interrelationship between eucharistic sacrifice, real presence and sacramental communion in recent Roman Catholic theology. I explore different ways in which the Eucharist is understood in today’s world. First, I analyse texts of the Second Vatican Council and post-conciliar texts. The Second Vatican Council and post-conciliar official texts present new ways of discussing the Eucharist, which has put into relief diverse aspects which contribute to a deeper understanding of it. Then, I examine texts from the theologians Joseph Ratzinger, Edward Schillebeeckx and David Power and evaluate their work in the light of Vatican II and the post-conciliar texts. These theologians were chosen because Ratzinger and Schillebeeckx shared the advantage of being close to the proceedings of the Council, Ratzinger as a peritus and Schillebeeckx as an advisor to Cardinal Archbishop Alfrink from Utrecht, whereas Power did not participate at the Council. All agree on the teachings of Vatican II but each has responded to the unique event of the Council in his own way. I find great variations in their eucharistic theology that are complementary and thus contribute to deeper understanding of the vast complexity of the Eucharist. Ratzinger finds that the heart of the Eucharist lies in the sacrifice. His contributions have an apostolic and hierarchical emphasis. With a communio-ecclesiology and an emphasis on the People of God he relates unity and union, but does this in a way that might be interpreted as exclusive and narrow. Schillebeeckx aimed at rethinking classical Christology in the light of historical criticism of Scripture. Sacraments are perceived as relational events of an encounter with God. Liturgy is the celebration of God’s interruption into ordinary life giving glimpses of his kingdom. The Eucharist is a performance challenged by the juxtaposition between the verbal and the physical. Power’s contribution is the presentation of the eucharistic sacrifice as an “eventing” of God’s grace with a great emphasis on the kenosis of Christ as gift. He 3 develops creative interpretations of the sacrament of the Eucharist which he flexibly uses when discussing the eucharistic sacrifice. In his theology he preserves both the unity of the faith as well as allowing its expression in diversity. Finally, my study confirms that the eucharistic sacrifice is the central act upon which the real presence and communion depend. The Eucharist is the re-presentation of the sacrifice of the cross; and, as such, it expresses the passion, death, resurrection, ascension and the continual presence of Christ in the sacrament, which has its aim in sacramental communion. Although the Eucharist can be expressed in various ways, it embodies the centrality of the sacrificial act. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..................................................................................................... 9 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................. 10 Objective of the Thesis........................................................................................................ 10 The Research Question........................................................................................................ 18 Limits of the Research......................................................................................................... 18 Method of the Research....................................................................................................... 19 I. APPROACHING THE INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SACRIFICE, REAL PRESENCE, AND COMMUNION ...................................................................................... 24 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 24 Sacramental Definitions.................................................................................................... 25 Sign and Symbol in Salvation History ............................................................................. 29 Sacrifice .............................................................................................................................. 36 Real Presence ..................................................................................................................... 38 Conclusion........................................................................................................................... 45 II. THE SECOND VATICAN COUNCIL AND THE EUCHARIST – OFFICIAL TEXTS: THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO THE INTERRELATIONSHIP ........................ 47 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 47 Liturgy of the Eucharist Introduced after Vatican II ................................................... 51 Vatican II: Sacrosanctum Concilium .............................................................................. 53 5 Sacrosanctum Concilium ................................................................................................ 53 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 68 Paul VI: Mysterium Fidei and Eucharisticum Mysterium .............................................. 69 Mysterium Fidei.............................................................................................................. 69 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 75 Eucharisticum Mysterium............................................................................................... 76 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 82 John Paul II: Dominicae Cenae, Ecclesia de Eucharistia, and Mane Nobiscum Domine......................................................................................................................... 83 Dominicae Cenae............................................................................................................ 86 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 91 Ecclesia de Eucharistia .................................................................................................. 92 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 103 Mane Nobiscum Domine............................................................................................... 105 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 108 Benedict XVI: Sacramentum Caritatis and Recent Teaching of the Roman Catholic Magisterium......................................................................... 109 Sacramentum Caritatis ................................................................................................. 111 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 118 Recent Roman Catholic Official Teachings .................................................................. 119 On the Contribution of the Texts and the Council....................................................... 120 Ratzinger’s Reinterpretation of the Ecclesiology of Vatican II .................................. 121 The Implementation of Vatican II ................................................................................. 122 Changes at the Vatican II affecting the Lay Faithful.................................................... 122 Implications of the Council’s Teaching on Eucharistic Theology ............................... 123 6 III. PRESENTATION OF RATZINGER’S EUCHARISTIC THEOLOGY ................ 125 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 125 Biography ........................................................................................................................