Appendix: Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1917 ACADEMICIANS WHO EMIGRATED Nikolai I vanovich Andrusov (1861-1924), geologist and paleontologist Pavel I vanovich Vaiden (Paul Walden) (1863-1957), chemist Pavel Gavrilovich Vinogradov (1854-1925), historian Vladimir Nikolaevich Ipat'ev (1857-1952), chemist Nikodim Pavlovich Kondakov (1844-1925), art historian and archaeologist Mikhail Ivanovich Rostovtsev (1870--1952), historian and archaeologist Petr Berngardovich Struve (1870--1944), specialist in economic theory, politician Ignatii Vikentevich Yagich (Vatroslav Jagic) (1838-1923), slavist ACADEMICIANS WHO DIED BETWEEN 1918 AND 1920 Mikhail Aleksandrovich D'yakonov (1855-1919), historian Andrei Sergeevich Famintsyn (1835-1918), botanist and physiologist Aleksandr Sergeevich Lappo-Danilevsky (1863-1919), historian Aleksandr Mikhailovich Lyapunov (1857-1918), mathematician Ivan Savich Pal'mov (1856-1920), slavist Vasilii Vasilevich Radlov (Friedrich Wilhelm Radloff) (1837-1918), orientalist Mikhail Aleksandrovich Rykachev (1840--1919), meteorologist A\eksei Aleksandrovich Shakhmatov (1864-1920), slavist Yakov Ivanovich Smirnov (1869-1918), archaeologist, orientalist Vladimir Vladimirovich Zalensky (1847-1918), zoologist OTHER ACADEMICIANS Dmitrii Dmitrievich Anuchin (1843-1923), zoologist and geographer Vasilii Vladimirovich Bartol'd (1869-1930), orientalist Aristarkh Appolonovich Belopol'sky (1854-1934), astrophysicist Ivan Parfenevich Borodin (1847-1930), biologist Vladimir Stepanovich Ikonnikov (1841-1923), historian Vasilii Mikhailovich Istrin (1865-1937), slavist Aleksandr Petrovich Karpinsky (1847-1936), geologist Evfimii Fedorovich Karsky (1860--1931), slavist Pavel Konstantinovich Kokovtsov (1861-1942), orientalist 188 Appendix 189 Nestor Aleksandrovich Kotlyarevsky (1863-1925), literary historian Aleksei Nikolaevich Krylov (1863-1945), mathematician, ship-building engineer Nikolai Semenovich Kurnakov (1860-1941), chemist Vasilii Vasilevich Latyshev (1855-1921), classical philologist Peter Petrovich Lazarev (1878-1942), physicist Andrei Andreevich Markov (1856-1922), mathematician Nikolai Yakovlevich Marr (1864-1934), archeologist, linguist Nikolai Viktorovich Nasonov (1855-1939), zoologist Aleksandr Vasilevich Nikitsky (1859-1921), classical philologist Nikolai Konstantinovich Nikol'sky (1863-1936), slavist Sergei Fedorovich Ol'denburg (1863-1934), orientalist Vladimir I vanovich Palladin (1859-1922), botanist Vladimir Nikolaevich Peretz (1870-1935), slavist Aleksei Petrovich Pavlov (1854-1929), geologist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936), physiologist Aleksei I vanovich Sobolevsky (1856-1929), slavist Vladimir Andreevich Steklov (1863-1926), mathematician Fedor Ivanovich Uspensky (1845-1928), byzantologist Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (1863-1945), geologist, biochemist Notes Introduction 1. Loren R. Graham, The Soviet Academy of Sciences and the Communist Party, 1927-1932 (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1967); Alexander Vucinich, Empire of Knowledge (Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 1984); David Joravsky, Soviet Marxism and Natural Sciences: 1917-1932 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1961); Robert A. Lewis, Science and Industrialization in the USSR: Industrial Research and Development, 1917-1940 (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1979). 2. F.F. Perchenok, 'Akademiya Nauk na "velikom perelome,'" in N.G. Okhotin and A.B. Roginsky (eds), Zven'ya (Moscow: Progress, Feniks, Atheneum, 1991), pp. 163-238; M.G. Iaroshevsky (ed.), Repressirovannaya nauka (Leningrad: Nauka, 1991). 3. David Joravsky, The Lysenko Affair (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1970); Zhores Medvedev, The Rise and Fall ofT.D. Lysenko (New York: Doubleday, 1971); George M. Enteen, 'Marxist Historians during the Cultural Revolution: A Case Study of Professional Infighting,' in Sheila Fitzpatrick (ed.), Cultural Revolution in Russia, 1928-1931 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978) pp. 154--68; John Barber, Soviet Historians in Crisis, 1928-1932 (London, Basingstoke: The Macmillan Press, 1981); Paul R. Josephson, Physics and Politics in Revolutionary Russia (Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford: University of California Press, 1991); Douglas R. Weiner, Models of Nature: Ecology, Conservation, and Cultural Revolution in Soviet Russia (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1988). 4. Kendall E. Bailes, Science and Russian Culture in an Age of Revolutions. V.l. Vernadsky and His Scientific School, 1863-1945 (Bloomington, Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1990); David Joravsky, The Vavilov Brothers,' Slavic Review 24, no. 3, 1965, pp. 382-94; George M. Enteen, The Soviet Scholar-Bureaucrat: M.N. Pokrovskii and the Society of Marxist Historians (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1978); Aleksei Kozhevnikov, 'Piotr Kapitza and Stalin's Government: A Study in Moral Choice,' Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Science, no. 22:1, 1991, pp. 131-64. Among the most interesting recent Russian publications with biographical information on members of the Russian (Soviet) Academy of Sciences, are: N.A. Grigor'an, 'Obshchestvenno­ politicheskie vzglyady I.P. Pavlova,' Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR, no. 10, 1991, pp. 74--86; V. Samoilov and Yu. Vinogradov, 'Ivan Pavlov i Nikolai Bukharin,' Zvezda, no. 10, 1989, pp. 94-119; V.M. Alpatov, 'Novoe uchenie 0 iazyke' i vostokovednoe Narody Azii i Afriki, no. 8, 1988, pp. 90-100; and the interview with G.P. Aksenov on his work with the personal archives of V.1. Vernadsky in Chelovek i priroda, no. 3, 1989, pp.3-21. 190 Notes 191 5. L. Stone, 'Prosopography,' Daedalus, 1971, pp. 46-79; S. Shapin and A. Thackray, 'Prosopography as a research tool in the history of science: The British scientific community, 1700-1900', History of Science, no. XII, 1974, pp. 1-28; L. Pyenson, "'Who the guys were": Prosopography in the history of science,' History of Science, no. XV, 1977, pp. 155-88. 6. Kendall E. Bailes, Technology and Society under Lenin and Stalin (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978). For the discussion of the cooperation of intellectuals with the Soviet regime, see, for instance, Vladimir Shlapentokh, Soviet Intellectuals and Political Power (London, New York: LB. Tauris, 1990); Boris Kagarlitsky, The Thinking Reed: Intellectuals and the Soviet State from 1917 to the Present (London, New York: Verso, 1988); Dietrich Beyrau, 'Die russische Intelligenz in der sowjetischen Gesellschaft,' in Dietrich Geyer (ed.), Die Umwertung der sowjietischen Geschichte (Goettingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht: 1991) pp. 188-209. 7. See, for instance, Fitzpatrick (ed.), Cultural Revolution in Russia, 1928-1931; and Fitzpatrick, The Commisssariat of Enlightenment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970) pp. 68-71. 8. Jeremy R. Azrael, Managerial Power and Soviet Politics (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966) p. 50. 9. See, for instance, Vucinich, Empire of Knowledge, arguing in his descrip­ tion of the academy in the 1920s that Pavlov and Vernadsky were 'isolated academicians ... who did not conceal their anti-Marxist leanings. Occupying the middle position, the vast majority of academicians pursued a line of "ideological neutrality"'. (p. 82). 10. The list of the academy's full members as of 25 October (7 November) 1917, published in G.K. Skryabin (ed.), Akademiya Nauk SSSR. Personal'nyi sostav, vol. 2 (Moscow: Nauka, 1974) p. XII. is not complete. It does not include academicians Vladimir Ipat'ev, Petr Struve and Mikhail Rostovtsev, who were expelled from the academy in the early 1930s because they had emigrated. They were posthumously reinstated as members of the academy in 1988. 11. The St Petersburg branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, fund 162, op. 3, ed. khr. 4. 1 Academicians and the Academy of Sciences on the Eve of the Revolution 1. Alexander Vucinich, Empire of Knowledge. The Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1917-1970) (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984) p. 43. 2. Loren Graham, 'The Development of Science Policy in the Soviet Union,' in T. Dixon Long and Christopher Wright (eds), Science Policies of Industrial Nations. Case Studies of the United States, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, France, Japan, and Sweden (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1975), p. 18. See also Ocherki istorii organizatsii nauki v Leningrade. 1903-1977 (Moscow: Nauka, 1980) p. 104. 3. The annual of the newspaper Rech' for 1912, pp. 328-9, quoted by P.V. Volobuev, 'Russkaya nauka nakanyne Oktyabr'skoi revolutsii,' Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniya i tekhniki, no. 3, 1987, p. 7. 192 Notes 4. Foreign scholars who resided in Russia were made extraordinary or ordinary academicians. 5. After the October Revolution, the titles of adjunct and extraordinary acade­ mician were abolished. 6. Some studies of the academy erroneously cite the number of academicians in October 1917 as 41. See, for instance, Vucinich, Empire of Knowledge, p. 115. This figure is given in G.D. Komkov et aI., Akademiya nauk SSSR: Kratkii istorichesky ocherk (Moscow: Nauka, 1967). The list of 41 academi­ cians fails to include Vladimir Ipat'ev, Mikhail Rostovtsev, and Petr Struve, who emigrated from Russia in 1930, 1918, and 1920 respectively, and were expelled from the academy in the late 1920s. It also apparently excludes Pavel Vaiden (Paul Walden), because in 1927 he was transferred from the rank of full member to that of foreign member; as well as Vladimir Peretz, who was expelled from the academy following his arrest in 1933. Peretz was