United States Office of Air Quality EPA-454/R-98-014 Environmental Protection Planning And Standards July 1998 Agency Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief AIR '2# LOCATING AND ESTIMATING AIR EMISSIONS FROM SOURCES OF POLYCYCLIC ORGANIC MATTER This report has been reviewed by the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and has been approved for publication. Mention of trade names and commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. EPA-454/R-98-014 TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page LIST OF TABLES........................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES.......................................................... xv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.................................................... xix 1.0 PURPOSE OF DOCUMENT ............................................ 1-1 2.0 OVERVIEW OF DOCUMENT CONTENTS................................ 2-1 3.0 BACKGROUND ...................................................... 3-1 3.1 NATURE OF POLLUTANT ...................................... 3-1 3.2 FORMAT OF POM DATA FOR THE DOCUMENT................... 3-2 3.3 NOMENCLATURE AND STRUCTURE OF SELECTED POMs ........................................................ 3-4 3.4 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF POM................................ 3-5 3.5 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF POM............................... 3-8 3.6 POM FORMATION............................................. 3-8 3.6.1 POM from Combustion Processes ....................... 3-9 3.6.2 Conversion of POM from Vapor to Particulate ............ 3-11 3.6.3 Persistence and Fate in the Atmosphere ................. 3-16 4.0 POM EMISSION SOURCE CATEGORIES.................................4-1 4.1 STATIONARY EXTERNAL COMBUSTION ........................ 4-1 4.1.1 Residential Heating .................................. 4-6 4.1.2 Utility, Industrial and Commercial Fuel Combustion ................................... 4-39 4.2 STATIONARY INTERNAL COMBUSTION ....................... 4-108 4.2.1 Reciprocating Engines .............................. 4-108 4.2.2 Gas Turbines ..................................... 4-116 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 5GEVKQP 2CIG 4.3 WASTE INCINERATION...................................... 4-125 4.3.1 Municipal Waste Combustion ........................ 4-125 4.3.2 Industrial and Commercial Waste Incineration ........... 4-140 4.3.3 Sewage Sludge Incineration .......................... 4-146 4.3.4 Medical Waste Incineration .......................... 4-156 4.3.5 Hazardous Waste Incineration ........................ 4-166 4.3.6 Drum and Barrel Reclamation ........................ 4-178 4.3.7 Scrap Tire Incineration .............................. 4-182 4.3.8 Landfill Waste Gas Flares ........................... 4-186 4.4 METAL INDUSTRY .......................................... 4-190 4.4.1 Primary Aluminum Production ....................... 4-190 4.4.2 Sintering in the Iron and Steel Industry ................. 4-226 4.4.3 Ferroalloy Manufacturing ........................... 4-231 4.4.4 Iron and Steel Foundries ............................ 4-250 4.4.5 Secondary Lead Smelting ........................... 4-260 4.5 PETROLEUM REFINING...................................... 4-278 4.5.1 Catalytic Cracking Units ............................ 4-281 4.5.2 Other Petroleum Refinery Sources ..................... 4-290 4.6 ASPHALT PRODUCTS ........................................ 4-293 4.6.1 Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing ...................... 4-293 4.6.2 Hot Mix Asphalt Production ......................... 4-310 4.7 COKE PRODUCTION ......................................... 4-331 4.7.1 Coke Ovens: Charging, Door and Topside Leaks ......... 4-338 4.7.2 Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery Stacks .................................... 4-381 4.7.3 Coke Byproduct Recovery Plants ..................... 4-396 4.8 PORTLAND CEMENT MANUFACTURING ...................... 4-403 4.9 PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY ................................. 4-427 4.9.1 Kraft Recovery Furnaces ............................ 4-427 4.9.2 Lime Kilns ....................................... 4-440 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 5GEVKQP 2CIG 4.9.3 Sulfite Recovery Furnaces ........................... 4-442 4.10 OPEN BURNING ............................................. 4-450 4.10.1 Wildfires and Prescribed Burning ..................... 4-450 4.10.2 Open Burning of Scrap Tires ......................... 4-460 4.10.3 Agricultural Plastic Film Burning ..................... 4-465 4.10.4 Coal Refuse Burning ............................... 4-471 4.10.5 Miscellaneous Open Burning ......................... 4-479 4.11 MOBILE SOURCES .......................................... 4-485 4.11.1 Onroad Vehicles ................................... 4-485 4.11.2 Aircraft .......................................... 4-501 4.11.3 Locomotives, Marine Vessels, and Other Non-road Vehicles and Equipment............ 4-507 4.12 MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES ................................. 4-510 4.12.1 Carbon Black Manufacture .......................... 4-510 4.12.2 Wood Treatment/Wood Preserving .................... 4-524 4.12.3 Carbon Regeneration ............................... 4-541 4.12.4 Cigarette Smoke ................................... 4-548 4.12.5 Wood Charcoal Production .......................... 4-553 4.12.6 Crematories ...................................... 4-562 4.12.7 Gasoline Distribution ............................... 4-567 4.12.8 Rayon-Based Carbon Fiber Manufacture ................ 4-574 4.12.9 Commercial Charbroilers ............................ 4-578 5.0 EMISSIONS FROM PRODUCTION AND USE OF NAPHTHALENE ........... 5-1 5.1 EMISSIONS FROM NAPHTHALENE PRODUCTION ................ 5-1 5.1.1 Naphthalene from Coal Tar ............................ 5-2 5.1.2 Naphthalene from Petroleum ........................... 5-9 5.2 EMISSIONS FROM END-USES OF NAPHTHALENE................ 5-10 5.2.1 Phthalic Anhydride Production ........................ 5-11 5.2.2 Naphthalene Sulfonates Production ..................... 5-13 5.2.3 Carbamate Insecticide Production ...................... 5-14 5.2.4 Moth Repellent Production ........................... 5-16 v TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 5GEVKQP 2CIG 5.2.5 Miscellaneous Uses ................................. 5-17 6.0 SOURCE TEST PROCEDURES ......................................... 6-1 6.1 EPA METHOD 0010 ............................................ 6-1 6.2 EPA METHOD 8270 ............................................ 6-4 6.3 EPA METHOD 8310 ............................................ 6-5 6.4 EPA METHOD TO-13 ........................................... 6-7 6.5 FEDERAL TEST PROCEDURE (FTP).............................. 6-8 APPENDICES Appendix A - Summary of 7-PAH and 16-PAH Emission Factors ................... A-1 vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page 3-1 Physical Properties of Various POM Compounds .......................... 3-7 3-2 Percent of Total PAH Associated with Soot Particles as a Function of Temperature......................................... 3-17 3-3 Half Lives in Hours of Selected POM in Simulated Daylight, Subjected to Varying Concentrations of Atmospheric Oxidants (Ozone).......................................................... 3-22 4.1-1 PAH Emission Factors for Conventional Woodstoves ..................... 4-11 4.1-2 PAH Emission Factors for Noncatalytic Woodstoves ...................... 4-13 4.1-3 PAH Emission Factors for Catalytic Woodstoves ......................... 4-16 4.1-4 PAH Emission Factors for Pellet Stoves ................................ 4-18 4.1-5 PAH Emission Factors for Fireplaces .................................. 4-19 4.1-6 PAH Emission Factors for Residential Coal Boilers and Furnaces ............ 4-25 4.1-7 PAH Emission Factors for Residential Coal Stoves ....................... 4-27 4.1-8 PAH Emission Factors for Residential Oil-Fired Combustion Sources ........ 4-30 4.1-9 PAH Emission Factors for Residential Natural Gas-Fired Combustion Sources....................................... 4-32 4.1-10 PAH Emission Factors for Residential Kerosene Heaters ................... 4-35 4.1.2-1 PAH Emission Factors for Wood Waste Combustion ...................... 4-64 4.1.2-2 PAH Emission Factors for Industrial Wood Waste Boilers .................. 4-66 4.1.2-3 PAH Emission Factors for Bark-Fired Industrial Boilers ................... 4-68 4.1.2-4 PAH Emission Factors for Wood Waste-Fired Industrial Boilers > 50,000 lb steam/hr ......................................... 4-69 4.1.2-5 PAH Emission Factors for Wood Waste-Fired Industrial Boilers < 50,000 lb steam/hr ......................................... 4-76 vii LIST OF TABLES (Continued) 6CDNG 2CIG 4.1.2-6 PAH Emission Factors for Natural Gas-Fired Utility Boilers ................ 4-78 4.1.2-7 PAH Emission Factors for Natural Gas-Fired Industrial and Commercial/Industrial Boilers .................................... 4-79 4.1.2-8 PAH Emission Factors for Anthracite Coal Combustion ................... 4-80 4.1.2-9 PAH Emission Factors for Coal-Fired Utility Boilers ...................... 4-81 4.1.2-10 PAH Emission Factors for Coal-Fired Industrial and Commercial/Institutional Boilers .................................. 4-91 4.1.2-11 PAH Emission Factors for Oil-Fired Boilers ............................. 4-95 4.1.2-12 PAH Emission Factors for Oil-Fired Process Heaters ..................... 4-101 4.1.2-13 PAH Emission Factors for Waste Oil Combustion ....................... 4-102 4.2-1 PAH Emission Factors for Stationary Diesel Internal Combustion Engines - Reciprocating.................................