Journalism and Mass Communication Volume 2, Number 5, May 2012 (Serial Number 8) David Publishing David Publishing Company www.davidpublishing.com Publication Information: Journalism and Mass Communication is published monthly in print (ISSN 2160-6579) by David Publishing Company located at 9460 Telstar Ave Suite 5, EL Monte, CA 91731, USA. Aims and Scope: Journalism and Mass Communication, a professional academic journal, commits itself to promoting the academic communication about recent developments on Journalism and Mass Communication, covers all sorts of research on journalism, radio and television journalism, new media, news ethics and regulations, the integration of media and culture and other relevant areas and tries to provide a platform for experts and scholars worldwide to exchange their latest findings. 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Abstracted/Indexed in: Database of EBSCO, Massachusetts, USA Chinese Database of CEPS, American Federal Computer Library center (OCLC), USA Chinese Scientific Journals Database, VIP Corporation, Chongqing, P. R. C. Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory Pro Quest/CSA Social Science Collection, Public Affairs Information Service (PAIS), USA Subscription Information: Print $450; Online $320; Print and Online $600 (per year) David Publishing Company 9460 Telstar Ave Suite 5, EL Monte, CA91731, USA Tel: 1-323-984-7526; 1-323-410-1082 Fax: 1-323-984-7374 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] D DAVID PUBLISHING David Publishing Company www.davidpublishing.com Journalism and Mass Communication Volume 2, Number 5, May 2012 (Serial Number 8) Contents Media Study Media Policy in Israel: The New Structure of Public Broadcasting 581 Yaron Katz Reality Study Disadvantaged Filipino Students of a State University: A Case for an Intervention Program 597 Regucivilla A. Pobar Society and Network Culture Study From Online “Liking” to Offline “Acting”: Young Citizens, Social Memory, and Social Media 614 Bianca Marina Mitu New Media and Pornography: How the Internet Has Modified the Sex Business 625 Luisa Leonini Georg Simmel’s Flirting and Secrecy and Its Application to the Facebook Relationship Status—“It’s Complicated” 637 Tim Delaney Journalism and Mass Communication, ISSN 2160-6579 May 2012, Vol. 2, No. 5, 581-596 D DAVID PUBLISHING Media Policy in Israel: The New Structure of Public Broadcasting Yaron Katz Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel The research examines the combination of public and commercial broadcasting in Israel, where a unique mixed model with commercial broadcasting under public supervision has been developed. Israel’s media policy is examined here as a case study for a country that is constantly debating the need to protect local culture in a competitive, highly advanced and global media market. Whereas media policy had traditionally been based on the European public broadcasting model, the commercial environment today is different in many ways from the traditional broadcasting sector, as new technologies and global culture are dominating. The mixed model, which was adopted in Europe after the transition to competitive and commercial media, also applies to Israel to date while representing a compromised structure of public, commercial, and new media broadcasting. The paper describes the current incarnation of European-style public service television in Israel, focusing specifically on the often-problematic integration of commercial broadcasting into a state-operated broadcasting system built on the premise of ―public good‖. In doing so, it raises some fundamental questions about the continued viability of public television in Israel and suggests that new policy objectives, commercialization, competition, and new technology have become more important than government involvement in the market. Keywords: public broadcasting, Israel, Europe, mixed model, commercialization Introduction Israeli media has undergone a complete transformation in its media policy and structure (Gilboa, 2008). Still, the most problematic section in this evaluation is government involvement in the market, as a central characteristic of Israeli broadcast media is the development under public supervision. Although this policy has been modified to match changes in global communications, it remains inclusive and influential on all branches of the broadcast media (Katz, 2009). This structure still stands today, since all broadcasting stations, both public and commercial, are under public supervision. Media policy in Israel should be examined based on the European experience, although, as argued by Freedman (2006), a focus on the policy-making process is needed to examine local issues at a time of considerable change in the global media environment. The question how to organize public broadcasting in the rapidly changing broadcasting landscape is an issue common to all countries, and examining the local policy-making process raises the question of how the relation between public broadcasters and the government can be best organized. As in other countries, the government has been directly involved in establishing new policy, although what makes Israel different is that the government is still the most influential player in both Yaron Katz, lecturer, School of Communications, Bar-Ilan University. 582 MEDIA POLICY IN ISRAEL public and commercial broadcasting. Bardoel and D’Haenens (2008) claimed that since the ―dualization‖ of broadcasting, the traditionally preferred partner of European public broadcasting services—the government—has taken a more distant and critical stance towards public broadcasting, both at a European and a national level, as a result of more market-oriented policies. In contrast, in Israel, two decades after private broadcasting and commercial television began, the broadcast media still awaited the breakthrough to independence. In the current situation, broadcasting is not truly private, not truly commercial, and not truly independent. The government remains fully involved in all aspects of broadcasting, through the appointment of public councils, determining annual budgets and providing the franchise system. This policy also applies to commercial television, as the government and the public council determine the terms of the franchises, including the amount of local production, type of programming, schedule and the total investment according to the proposed programming. The media system can be described as the actual set of the mass media in a given national society (McQuail, 2000), and indeed the development of the broadcast media can be seen as a symptom to the development of the Israeli society. Although Israel has a well-established democracy, there exists a wide gap between the leading role of the country in advanced technology and its policy for the broadcast media. On the one hand, Israel is considered an advanced high-tech country. It was referred to by Bill Gates as the ―second Silicon Valley‖; It is ranked second only to the U.S. in