Focus 2008 Sichuan Earthquake and Role of the Chinese Defence Forces in Disaster Kamlesh K. Agnihotri* Relief The People’s Republic of China has been afflicted by natural calamities right from its inception in 1949, including severe river flooding, excess snowfall, cyclones, tsunamis and earthquakes. The consequential human suffering is further aggravated by the heavy population density. The mammoth 2008 earthquake in Sichuan province and the resultant loss of life and property exposed the ill-preparedness of the Chinese government machinery like never before. Nevertheless, the Chinese State Council rose admirably to the occasion. The Peoples’ Liberation Army (PLA) composed of military, armed police, militia and reserve troops was the single largest contributor to the emergency rescue, response and subsequent mitigation efforts. In the process, it encountered many obstacles, faced severe shortcomings, learnt valuable lessons and initiated measures to incorporate these lessons for better disaster preparedness in future. The PLA internalised disaster relief as one of its major tasks under the “military operations other than war” role. The situation in India—large population density and frequent occurrence of natural disasters—is similar to that of China. Thus, there are valuable lessons to be learnt from the Chinese experience of having suffered this earthquake and the methodology adopted, particularly by their armed forces, in disaster response, mitigation and capacity building for better management of mega disasters in future. Introduction On May 12, 2008, at about 1430 hours, a major earthquake measuring 8.0 on the Richter scale jolted Wenchuan County of south-west China’s Sichuan Province. The epicentre of the quake was located at 31° N Latitude and 103°40° E Longitude, about 80 km north-west of the provincial capital, Chengdu. As the epicentre was at a relatively shallow depth of about 19 km, the earthquake generated very strong surface waves with considerable energy1, leading to huge loss of life and * Commander Kamlesh Kumar Agnihotri is a Research Fellow with the China Cell of the National Maritime Foundation, Navy or the National Maritime Foundation. The author can be reached at [email protected]. New Delhi. The views expressed in this article are his own and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Indian 30 Journal of Defence Studies 2008 Sichuan Earthquake and Role of the Chinese Defence Forces in Disaster Relief property.were reported As per killed China’s or Nationalmissing Quakeand another Relief Headquarters,374,640 persons approximately were injured. 102 million people were directly affected by the quake. More than 87,000 people Figure 1 shows a map of the region indicating the affected areas. Figure 1: Sichuan Earthquake, May 2008: Worst Hit Area Source: Author. The earthquake caused widespread damage to the infrastructural facilities within 100 km of the epicentre. The State Grid Corporation of China stated that about 5.5 gigawatt of electricity generation capacity (almost 1 per cent of China’s generation capacity), was rendered non-operational in Sichuan and Shaanxi provinces as the plants were disconnected from the national network.3 The State Council of China reported that 803 hydropower stations were damaged nation- wide, including 481 in Sichuan Province.4 This province has approximately 40 per cent of China’s natural gas reserves. Work at chemical plants, coal mines and oil and natural gas wells in the area, was halted. The earthquake also damaged many dams in the region. The Zipingpu Dam was reported to have developed Vol. 6 No. 1 January 2012 31 Kamlesh K. Agnihotri cracks.5 It must be noted that had the Zipingpu reservoir burst, it would have wreaked enormous damage on the downstream city of Dujiangyan. Damage to Military and Strategic Assets Many defence-related assets are located in the Chengdu Military Region (MR). south-east of Chengdu. The Chengdu Aircraft Corporation manufactures J-10, The Headquarter of the 13th Group Army is located at Chongqing, about 250 km Engine Company manufactures WP-6 and WP-13 aircraft engines. There are JF-17, and J-7 fighter aircraft. In addition to the above, the Chengdu Aircraft Though the extent of damage to these assets and facilities was not made public, many ‘HQ-2’ Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) sites around the city of Chengdu. was reported that the prototype production of the JF-17 aircraft, a joint venture these would certainly have been affected to varying degrees. For instance, it the introductory stages of the programme itself. between China and Pakistan was affected, thus causing considerable delays in Critical installations related to the Chinese nuclear programme, weapons-grade uranium and plutonium production facilities, weapons design, development, test and assembly facilities are located around Mianyang, Chengdu, Guangyuan, 6 There are possibly four operational research reactors under the Southwest Reactor Engineering Research & Design Academy that Heping, and Yibin. main nuclear weapons research laboratory in Mianyang as well as several other use weapons-grade fissile material. The disaster area is also home to China’s 2008 that all nuclear facilities in the earthquake-hit areas were safe7 and some secret atomic sites. Although the official Chinese sources announced on May 23, of this earthquake had the potential to cause serious damage to installations up militaryto a radius facilities of 100 were km onlyfrom slightly the epicentre. affected, It the is noteworthyexperts deduce that that Mianyang the intensity and Chengdu are much closer to the earthquake epicentre than the atomic energy fuel complex at Yibin. An examination of the damage template from the south- complexwest to the of Guangyuan,north-east vis-à-vis nuclear facilitiesthe damage at Heping reports and of thehousing large-scale infrastructure nuclear by the US Geological Survey, corroborates greater damage in Mianyang and Guangyuan as compared to other locations.8 China had recovered 30 of the 32 radioactive sources that were buried during the earthquake and had managed to locate the remaining It was also two, fleetingly which they reported retrieved that subsequently.9 32 Journal of Defence Studies 2008 Sichuan Earthquake and Role of the Chinese Defence Forces in Disaster Relief Commencement of Disaster Relief Effort The Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao rushed to Sichuan Province within two hours of the earthquake.10 under him: He set up an advance disaster control centre and took over all charge of the emergency relief effort, with the following organisations working 1. China Earthquake Administration Institution 2. China International Disaster Reduction Commission 3. National Disaster Reduction Committee 5.4. State CouncilFlood and for Drought Earthquake Relief Relief Headquarters A large number of military personnel were mobilised for the search and rescue effort.troops ofThose Chengdu military MR formations and 40 members closest of to a the speciaIised scene of the earthquake earthquake relief were team the first to be mobilised. Within two hours of the earthquake11 on At May the 12,same 2008, time, 6,100 150 fromregiment a Yunnan under field the Beijingengineer MR regiment were transported were mobilised. by two IL-76 transport aircraft membersalong with of 10 the search earthquake and rescue disaster dogs emergencyand 22 medical rescue personnel team of from a field the engineer general hospital of the Peoples’ Armed Police Force (PAPF).12 On May 13, 2008, 20,000 PLA and PAPF troops reached Chengdu. 24,000 PLA troops were en-route via airlift and 10,000 via rail to Chengdu. A task force of 300 hundred troops from 127th Light Mechanised Infantry Division from Jinan MR reached Chengdu in 30 vehicles and an additional 5,000 troops were helicopter Regiment were also deployed at the disaster zone. By 1800 hours on en-routethe same day,aboard 22 PLA seven Air civilian Force (PLAAF) chartered and flights. 9 civilian Four aircraft, helicopters 30 plus from helicopters, a light 1,400 airborne troops and additional 4,600 general troops were en-route to the disaster zone.13 A further 2,500 members of PLA Navy marine force along with 200 engineering, rescue and other vehicles were readied for dispatch to 14 Twelve and a half tonnes of supplies were airdropped by 18 helicopter sorties and 28 theaircraft affected sorties. zone. An additional 30,000 troops were en-route via rail. Vol. 6 No. 1 January 2012 33 Kamlesh K. Agnihotri Subsequent PLA Contributions towards Earthquake Relief Six army aviation detachments, including an army aviation regiment each from Jinan and Chengdu MRs, started airlifting the rescue material, medicines, and communication equipment from May 17, 2008 onwards. Supported by 300-odd personnel of the PAPF, nearly 2,000 regular troops of a division and six army aviation units of the Jinan MR advanced forward, by air and by land, along a canyon north west of Yingxue town to rescue almost 10,000 local people who had been stranded for over 150 hours. On May 19, 2008, 500 soldiers of another regiment of the same division, rapidly moved on to Shuimo town at the southern end of the canyon, and from there they marched on to Sanjiang town ends of the canyon. after trekking over difficult terrain. The two columns closed in from the opposite A Group Army of the Chengdu MR dispatched army aviation helicopters on the afternoon of May 19, 2008 to Xingwenping village located on the eastern bank of the Minjiang river, about 44 km from Wenchuan town, and successfully rescued 217 students and 14 teachers. On the morning of May 19, 2008, the troops of an Army Division of the Jinan MR carried out dragnet-like search-and-rescue operation in Fangshi Town of Qingchuan County. The Division combed 300-odd villages and eventually evacuated 6,000 people, and provided medical treatment to more than 1,000 victims. A sudden landslide on both sides of the Minjiang River damaged the emergency helipads built by army commandos, preventing directly in Xingwenping village.