African Journal of Agricultural Research Volume 9 Number 16 April 2014 ISSN 1991-637X ABOUT AJAR The African Journal of Agricultural Research (AJAR) is published weekly (one volume per year) by Academic Journals. African Journal of Agricultural Research (AJAR) is an open access journal that publishes high-quality solicited and unsolicited articles, in English, in all areas of agriculture including arid soil research and rehabilitation, agricultural genomics, stored products research, tree fruit production, pesticide science, post harvest biology and technology, seed science research, irrigation, agricultural engineering, water resources management, marine sciences, agronomy, animal science, physiology and morphology, aquaculture, crop science, dairy science, entomology, fish and fisheries, forestry, freshwater science, horticulture, poultry science, soil science, systematic biology, veterinary, virology, viticulture, weed biology, agricultural economics and agribusiness. All articles published in AJAR are peer- reviewed. Contact Us Editorial Office: [email protected] Help Desk: [email protected] Website: http://www.academicjournals.org/journal/AJAR Submit manuscript online http://ms.academicjournals.me/ Editors Prof. N.A. Amusa Dr. Bampidis Vasil eios Editor, African Journal of Agricultural Research National Agricultural Research Foundation (NAGREF), Academic Journals. Animal Research Institute 58100 Giannitsa, Greece. Dr. Panagiota Florou-Paneri Laboratory of Nutrition, Dr. Zhang Yuanzhi Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Space Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University of Technology (HUT) Kilonkallio Espoo, Greece. Finland . Prof. Dr. Abdul Majeed Dr. Mboya E. Burud i Department of Botany, University of Gujrat,India, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) Director Horticulture, P.O. Box 30709 Nairobi 00100, and landscaping. Kenya. India. Dr. Andres Cibil s Prof. Suleyman TABAN Assistant Professor of Rangeland Science Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Dept. of Animal and Range Sciences Faculty of Agriculture, Box 30003, MSC 3-I New Mexico State University Las Ankara University, Cruces, 06100 Ankara-TURKEY. NM 88003 (USA). Prof.Hyo Choi Dr. MAJID Sattari Graduate School Rice Research Institute of Iran, Gangneung-Wonju National University Amol-Iran. Gangneung, Gangwondo 210-702, Dr. Agricola Odoi Korea. University of Tennessee, TN., USA. Dr. MATIYAR RAHAMAN KHAN AICRP (Nematode), Directorate of Research, Prof. Horst Kaiser Bidhan Chandra Krishi Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science Viswavidyalaya, P.O. Kalyani, Nadia, PIN-741235, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, West Bengal. South Africa. India. Prof. Xingkai Xu Prof. Hamid AIT-AMAR Institute of Atmospheric Physics, University of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Houari Bouemdiene, B.P. 32, 16111 EL-Alia, Algiers, Beijing 100029, Algeria. China. Prof. Sheikh Raisudd in Dr. Agele, Samuel Ohikhena Department of Medical Elementology and Department of Crop, Soil and Pest Management, Toxicology,Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) Federal University of Technology New Delhi, PMB 704, Akure, India. Nigeria. Prof. Ahmad Arzani Dr. E.M. Aregheore Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding The University of the South Pacific, College of Agriculture School of Agriculture and Food Technology Isfahan University of Technology Alafua Campus, Isfahan-84156, Apia, Iran. SAMOA. Editorial Board Dr. Mohamed A. Dawoud Dr. Bradley G Fritz Water Resources Department, Research Scientist, Terrestrial Environment Research Centre, Environmental Technology Division, Environmental Research and Wildlife Development Agency Battelle, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, (ERWDA), 902 Battelle Blvd., Richland , P. O. Box 45553, Washington, Abu Dhabi, USA. United Arab Emirates. Dr. Almut Gerhardt LimCo International, Dr. Phillip Retief Celli ers University of Tuebingen, Dept. Agriculture and Game Management, Germany. PO BOX 77000, NMMU, PE, 6031, Dr. Celin Acharya South Africa. Dr. K.S.Krishnan Research Associate (KSKRA), Molecular Biology Division, Dr. Rodolfo Ungerfeld Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Departamento de Fisiología, Trombay, Mumbai-85, Facultad de Veterinaria, India. Lasplaces 1550, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay. Dr. Daizy R. Batish Department of Botany, Dr. Timothy Smith Panjab University, Stable Cottage, Cuttle Lane, Chandigarh, Biddestone, Chippenham, India. Wiltshire, SN14 7DF. UK. Dr. Seyed Mohammad Ali Razavi University of Ferdowsi, Dr. E. Nicholas Odongo, Department of Food Science and Technology, 27 Cole Road, Guelph, Mashhad, Ontario. N1G 4S3 Iran. Canada. Dr. Yasemin Kavdir Dr. D. K. Singh Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Scientist Irrigation and Drainage Engineering Division, Department of Soil Sciences, Central Institute of Agricultural Enginee inrg Terzioglu Campus 17100 Bhopal- 462038, M.P. Canakk ale India. Turkey. Prof. Hezhong Dong Prof. Giovanni Dinelli Professor of Agronomy , Department of Agroenvironmental Science and Cotton Research Center, Technology Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Viale Fanin 44 40100, Jinan 250100 Bologna China. Italy. Dr. Ousmane Youm Prof. Huanmin Zhou Assistant Director of Research & Leader, College of Biotechnology at Inner Mongoli a Integrated Rice Productions Systems Program Agricultural University, Africa Rice Center (WARDA) 01BP 2031, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Cotonou, No. 306# Zhao Wu Da Street, Benin. Hohhot 010018, P. R. China, China. African Journal of Agricultural Research Table of Contents: Volume 9 Number 16 17 April, 2014 ARTICLES Evaluation of insolvency in mutual credit unions by the models of artificial neural networks and support vector machines 1227 S Isabel Cristina Gozer, Antônio Roberto Pereira leite de Albuquerque, Sadao Isotani, Régio Márcio Toesca Gimenes, Willian Heitor Moreira, Odair Alberton and Emilio Araújo Menezes Pruning management of cassava for animal feeding: Parameters of the root 1238 Felipe Curcelli, Silvio José Bicudo, Eduardo Barreto Aguiar and Manuel Isidoro Navarro Valdivié Spore density and diversity of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in medicinal and seasoning plants 1244 Regine Cristina Urcoviche, Murilo Castelli, Régio Márcio Toesca Gimenes and Odair Alberton Genetic variability among traits associated with grain yield of rice (O ryza sativa L.) exposed to drought at flowering stage 1252 Alok Singh, Ashok Kumar Singh, Vikrant Singh, Nivedita Singh, Vijay Narayan Singh, Md. Shamim, Prashant Vikram and Sanjay Singh Biocontrol potentiality of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPR) -Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis : A review 1265 S. Sivasakthi, G. Usharani and P. Saranraj Flower-visiting insect pollinators of Brown Mustard, Brassica juncea (L.) Czern and Coss and their foraging behaviour under caged and open pollination 1278 Neha Kunjwal, Yogesh Kumar and M. S. Khan Combining ability of maize (Zea mays) inbred lines resistant to Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth evaluated under artificial Striga infestation 1287 Haron Karaya, Kiarie Njoroge, Stephen Mugo, Emmanuel S. Ariga, Fred Kanampiu and John Nderitu Table of Contents: Volume 9 Number 16 17 April, 2014 ARTICLES Comparative analysis of phenolic profile of Monodora myristica and Monodora tenuifolia 1296 AkinwunmiKemi Feyisayo and Oyedapo Oluboade Oluokun Future research trends of forest landscape degradation: The effect of changing status and use of rural road networks 1303 Jing’an Shao Biology and management of ber fruit fly, Carpomyia vesuviana Costa (Diptera: Tephritidae): A review 1310 Karuppaiah Vadivelu Vol. 9(16), pp. 1227-1237, 17 April, 2014 DOI: 10.5897/AJAR2014. 8654 Article Number: 7858DC443953 African Journal of Agricultural ISSN 1991-637X Copyright © 2014 Research Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/AJAR Full Length Research Paper Evaluation of insolvency in mutual credit unions by the models of artificial neural networks and support vector machines Isabel Cristina Gozer1*, Antônio Roberto Pereira leite de Albuquerque2, Sadao Isotani3, Régio Márcio Toesca Gimenes1, Willian Heitor Moreira4, Odair Alberton1,5 and 6 Emilio Araújo Menezes 1Paranaense University – UNIPAR, Umuarama, Paraná, Brazil. 2Departamento de Informática em Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina – UNIFESP-EPM, São Paulo, Brazil. 3Instituto de Física da Universidade Estadual de São Paulo – IFUSP, São Paulo, Brazil. 4MBA em Controladoria Gestão Empresarial e Financeira – Unipar, Umuarama, Paraná, Brazil. 5Department of Biotechnology Applied to Agriculture; Paranaense University – UNIPAR, Umuarama, Paraná, Brazil. 6Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Received 1 March, 2014; Accepted 7 April, 2014 This study aimed to develop and compare statistical models using the techniques of artificial neural networks (ANNs) and support vector machines (SVMs) to investigate which one offers the best results in evaluating insolvency of mutual credit unions. The information required to build the models were obtained with a sample of 62 credit unions (31 solvent and 31 insolvent) to which financial indicators of the PEARLS (Protection, Effective financial structure, Asset quality, Rates of return and cost, Liquidity and Signs of growth) system were calculated. The RBF network, multilayer perceptron, multilayer perceptronCS and LibSVM algorithms were used to obtain the ANNs and SVMs; for each algorithm, the ANNs were built with three groups of indicators (27,