Test 3 Study Guide ANATOMICALLY MODERN HUMANS- earliest fossils found in Africa dated to about 200,000 years ago, well-rounded rear of skull (no occipital bun), high skull (doesn’t slope), small brow ridges (supra orbital torus), noticeable chin, associated with Upper Paleolithic tools (some had blades and some were made of bone), created shelters and they were the first to create artistic objects (note cave drawings possible sympathetic magic-related to the desire to capture more animals). Omo- oldest known AMH found at Omo site in Ethiopia—date ~ 195,000ya. Same morphology as noted above. homo heidelbergensis- a species of archaic human w/ a brain size close to that of modern humans (~1500-1800cc’s or more) but had a larger face and lived in Africa, Europe and Asia between 800,000 and 200,000 ya. Cro-Magnon Man- found in Cro-Magnon, France…dates between 27,000-23,000ya, earliest AMH populations found in Europe, very sophisticated, fished, cured ailments, made clothing and jewelry, built rafts etc… complication: Homo Floresiensis “hobbit” Discovered in Liang Bua cave on the island of Flores in Indonesia, 3.5”, 417cc’s found w/ tools and bones, dates between 12,000 and 94,000 ya, possible dwarf species, AMH characteristics. Possible explanations= island dwarfism, microcephalic, pathology, different species= unsure of where it falls on our phylogenic tree PREHISTORIC ART (note Lascaux cave, France) >600 pictures of animals, mostly horses don’t know purpose possible sympathetic magic cultural symbolism? means of communication ideas? pictograph- painting on surface like a cave wall petroglyph- design carved into rock or other surface HUMAN ORIGINS Associated models: (from book as per your syllabus) multiregional model- evolution happened 1.8 mya in Africa from a single lineage but that changes in modern human anatomy happened by way of gene flow as archaic humans moved across the Old World. assimilation model- initial change to modern humans took place in Africa and was spread to other populations by way of gene flow. The genes of non-African populations were assimilated into the gene pool instead of replaced. It stresses anagenesis. African origin model- modern human anatomy occurred first in Africa and then spread across the Old World. Recent fossil evidence supports this theory. African replacement model- modern humans evolved as a new species (cladogenesis) in Africa about 200,000 years then spread throughout the Old World replacing preexisting human populations. Africa’s great genetic diversity (more than Asia or Europe) has also been used to support this model…working under the assumption that the oldest populations will accumulate the most mutations over time. {some people disagree w/ that assumption noting population size as a possible reason for the high degree of genetic diversity} regional continuity- refers to the appearance of similar traits w/in the same geographic region over time…this evidence is strongest in East Asia and Australasia. genetic evidence: mitochondrial DNA shows 2 clusters for the human species- 1) people with African ancestry 2) people with African and non-African ancestry. B/c both clusters have people w/ African ancestry, the most recent common female ancestor would be from Africa. Mitochondrial DNA puts this date to about 200,000 years which = the initial appearance of anatomically modern humans in the fossil record. Australopithecus (A.), out of Africa (South & East mostly), kept ape-like features{teeth in parallel rows w/ large canines and small brain size (cranial capacity 400-500cc)}, bipedal but climbed occasionally, in woodlands and savanna type area, body mass < 100 lbs, fruit eaters= thin enamel, 3.5-5 ft tall TOOLS --know spcifics of all tool traditions we discussed 5 1) Azilian (11.5- 9kya) 2) Solutrean (20-17kya) 3) Magdalenian (17-11.5kya) 4)Aurignacian (40-28kya) 5) Gravettian (29-19kya) ~upper paleolithic- a general term used to refer to the stone tool tradition of anatomically modern humans ~ middle paleolithic- a general term used to refer to the stone tool tradition of homo heidelbergensis and neandertals ~ lower paleolithc- a general tern used to refer to the stone tool tradition of homo habilis, erectus and rudolfensis Insectivore- mammals adapted to eating insects; they were arboreal, and nocturnal Eurasia- combined land masses of Europe and Asia post orbital bar- bony ring that separates they eye orbit from the back of the skull in primates postcranial- part of skeleton below the skull also note mosaic evolution phylogeny- refers to the evolutionary origins and relationships of species including how closely they are related to each other and to ancestral species chronology- refers to the sequential order in which past events occur note arboreal adaptations and the availability of an econiche .