UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY PROCEEDINGS FROM THE SOCIETY FOR HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY CONFERENCE ALAN B. ALBRIGHT, Editor Savannah, Georgia 1987 Published by . THE SOCIETY FOR HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY RONALD L. MICHAEL, Editor Print Production by Braun-Brumfield, Inc. Ann Arbor, Michigan © 1987 by The Society for Historical Archaeology Printed in United States of America Contents FORWARD ALANB. ALBRIGHf, EDITOR SYMPOSIA HIsToRY ANDRESEARCH ROBERT MARX, CHAIR 1 The Manilla Galleon ROBERT MARX 1 The USS Constitution Museum: Telling the Story of a National Symbol WILLIAM A. BAYRElITHER 2 CREATIVE FINANCING AND PROJECTMANAGEMENT ANNE GIESECKE, CHAIR 4 Save Ontario Shipwrecks: Project Organization and Financing FRED GREGORY 4 Guns of Punta Salis PETER ZWICK 5 Underwater Research on Lake Champlain ARTIIURB. COHN 7 Creative Financing and Project Management ANNE GIESECKE 12 UNDERWATER SURVEY J. BARTO ARNOlD III, CHAIR 14 The Padre Island Archaeological Survey J. BARTO ARNOLDIII 14 The Barks La Grange and Ninus: Two Recent Additions to the Growing Number of Gold Rush Era Shipwreck Sites STEPHENR. JAMES JR. 21 1986 Survey of the Schooner Fleetwing; Garrett Bay, Wisconsin: A Preliminary Report DAVID COOPER 27 TIlE ARCHAEOLOGICAL TEsTING PROGRAM FOR TIlEPIRATE SIllPWHYDAH: THEHowANDTIlEWHAT MICHAEL ROBERTS, CHAIR 33 The Site Testing Program for the Pirate Ship Whydah MICHAEL ROBERT 33 The Historical Research of the British Archives for the Whydah Ship Project, Massachusetts K. ANNE TuRNER 37 Conservation of a Complex Composite in a Dense Matrix of Concretion BETTY L. SEIFERT 39 Field Procedures Developed on WLF-HA-I the Whydah Site off Wellfleet, Cape Cod JAMES R. REEDY 41 Techniques for Documenting Artifact Distribution LoUISE DECESARE 44 Supporting Archaeological research in the Real World ROBERT MCCLUNG CONSERVATION CURTISS PETERSON, CHAIR 47 Preservation through Cooperation DANIEL W. BROWN 47 Preliminary Analysis and Conservation of the Widgeon 1864-1867 DAVIDA. MUNCHER 48 Conservation of Historic Artifacts from Marine and Coastal Environments HERBERTD. BUMP AND DAVIDA. MUNCHER 52 Current Research in Wood and Leather Treatments at the Canadian Conservation Institute JUDITH A. LoGAN AND GREGORY S. YOUNG 54 Recent Preservation Efforts on USS Arizona, Pearl Harbor LARRY MURPHY 57 COMMUNICATING ARCHAEOLOGY SHEU SMITH, CHAIR 60 New Potential for Nautical Archaeology CAROL OLSEN 60 Communicating Archaeology: Visual Communication of Archaeology With the Pen SHEU SMITIf 62 SITE SURVEYS GORDON WATTS, CHAIR 65 Location and Identification of the Steamboat Spray RICHARD W. LAWRENCE 65 Preliminary Investigation of a Revolutionary War Era Vessel in Crosswicks Creek, Bordontown, New Jersey LEE COX JR. 67 On a Possible 17th Century Small Craft Wreck, Lyons Creek, Calvert County, Maryland RALPH ESHELMAN AND DON SHOMEITE 71 The Yorktown Shipwreck JOHN D. BROADWATER 77 Environmental Process in the Vicinity of Roanoke Island, North Carolina RICHARD A. STEPHENSON 80 Noquebay: The Study of a Late 19th Century Barge TONI CARRELL 82 GENERAL TOPICS IN UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY ROBERT GRENIER, CHAIR 87 Search for the Keys to the Boat MARK WILD-RAMSING 87 Candied Canoes of North Carolina LESLIE E. BRIGlIT 89 Analysis of the Artifacts of the Garigliano River, Italy Daily Life and Work S. DoMINIC RUEGGE 91 A Feasibility Study of a Diver Operated Computer and Data Acquisition System Designed for Underwater Archaeology JOHN CARTER, JAMES COVILL, WILLIS STEVENS, ROBERT GRENIER 94 HMS Kronan: Underwater Archaeological Investigations of a 17th Century Man of War LARs EINARSSON 99 Technical Aspects of the Excavation of HMS Kronan BENGT GRISELL 103 MARITIME ARCIDTECfURE MARK NEWELL, CHAIR 105 Economic Effects on Design of Chesapeake Bay Sailing Craft FRED HOPKINS 105 Harts Cove 1986 Field Report SHEU SMITH ANDDAVID SWITZER 107 The Small Boat finds at the "Musee de la civilisation" in Quebec City DANIEL LA ROCHE 108 MANAGEMENT ANDEDUCATION GEORGE FISCHER, CHAIR 114 The Pitcher Wreck: An Exercise in Crisis DON SHOMETIE 114 The Widgeon: A New View of the Saint Marys River During Reconstruction HOWARD B. TOWER ANDJAMES J. MILLER 116 Nautical Archaeology Training Program for Sports Divers BILL EDDY 119 The Management of Research Programs in Marine Protected Areas CALVIN R. CUMMINGS 124 The USS Monitor National Marine Sanctuary CALVIN R. CUMMINGS, CHAIR 128 A Decade of Research: Investigation of the USS Monitor GORDON P. WATIS, JR. 128 Conserving the Monitor CURTISS E. PETERSON 139 Discussant Remarks BRUCE R. RIpPETEAu 141 AnnmONALP APERS The Sea Walls of Saint Eustatia JOHN loUIS ANTONIO DE PASSAlACQUA 142 Hellenistic to Early Byzantine Artifacts found off the Southwestern Turkish Coast MARGAREf COWIN 144 THE SOCIETY FOR HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOOY EXTENDS ITS APPRECIATION TO MR. ROLAND YOUNG, PRESIDENT OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL FOR HIS FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE IN PUBLISHING THESE PROCEEDINGS ALAN B. ALBRIGHT FOREWORD The Society for Historical Archaeology Conference on This publication represents the first incursion by the Historical and Underwater Archaeology was held in Savan­ Society for Historical Archaeology into the realms of nah, Georgia, during January 7 - 11, 1987. This is the 18th "electronic publishing". The articles received from the annual meeting in which both terrestrial and underwater authors were transcribed into Microsoft® Word and archaeological papers were presented jointly. Over 80 under­ formatted using Aldus PageMaker®. This publication water papers were given and 47 are presented in this volume. was put into an Apple® MacintoshTM owned by the South As in preceding conferences, topics spanned over two thou­ Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology and sand years of history and from many parts of the globe. was printed on an Apple LaserWriter™ owned by the The conference was hosted by the Center for Low Country Kershaw County Public Library, of which my wife is the Studies, Armstrong College, the U.S. Corps of Engineers, and Director. Computer Source/Connecting Point of Colum­ the Coastal Georgia Archaeological Society, Inc. The list of bia, SC let us use their equipmentduring off hours and on co-sponsors appears on page ii of the program and the efforts weekends and SpencerWhetstone, oftheir staff, put in too of those organizations and their staff are greatly appreciated. many hours to count in formatting the Proceedings. This As in the past, the Savannah Conference was the product of was my first attempt at electronic publishing, or any other many governmental and educational entities and many indi­ publishing for that matter, and I have come away from the viduals. They are too numerous for all to be mention here but experience with two conclusions. First that electronic special thanks are due to Kathy Levitt of Armstrong College, publishing is the way to go. Second, that the same person Georgia, through whom Larry Babits, ConferenceChair, Nick should contractto do itfor a numberof years. The process Honerkamp, SHA Chair, and I, CUA Program Chair, coordi­ of learning how to use electronic hardware and software nated our efforts and turned to for help too many times to systems, should not have to be undertaken cold by a new mention. Judy Wood of/and the Savannah District, U.S. Corps editor each year. Also staying with the one system will of Engineers were responsible for printing the program. Carol assure continuity of form and style. Ruppe, as always, organized and splendidly managed the Back issues of the 9th CUA Proceedings may be pur­ Book Room. J. Barto Arnold III, Chairman of the Advisory chased from the Texas Antiquities Committee, P.O. Box Council on Underwater Archaeology and other council 12276, Capitol Station Austin, TX, 78711. Back issues of members were always very helpful when called upon for the 10th through the 14th CUA Proceedings may be pur­ advice. The enjoyable annual banquet was hosted and chased from Fathom Eight, P.O. Box 80505, San Marino, partially sponsored by the Coastal Heritage Society of Old CA, 91108. These back copies represent a broad spectrum Fort Jackson. data base for reference and research and should be in the I appreciate the efforts of Kenn Pinson Head of the Publi­ libraries of both terrestrial and underwater archaeologists. cations Division of the South Carolina Institute of Archaeol­ ogy and Anthropology for the editing advice he gave me, and to Ann Salters and Mary Custodio of his staff for their contributions in preparing art work and photography. Also Alan B. Albright my thanks goes toDiane Moses and Deb Barshafsky for typing South Carolina Institute of the papers into the computer, to Ashley Chapman and my wife Archaeology and Anthropology, Penny for helping me proofread the material, and to Mark University ofSouth Carolina, Newell for his advice and assistance. On a more personal Columbia SC, 29208 level I appreciate the free time I was given by the Institute director, Dr. Bruce Rippeteau, to work on the Proceedings during regularworking hours. Ronald L. Michaels, Editor for The Society for Historical Archaeology was always ready with advice when I needed it, and showed great patience in explaining the process of putting this publication together. SYMPOSIUM well worth the hardships. The cargoes carried from Acapulco to Manila were basically the same as those carried on the flotas between ROBERT F. MARX Spain and the Indies ports, except that silver specie and bullion were also carried on these galleons, coming from the mines of Peru and Mexico to pay for the cargoes sent to Manila. The Crown restricted The Manila Galleons the amount to be sent to Manila at 500,000 pesos a year, but like many other laws, this was almost always disregarded so that an average of The first of thefabled Manila galleons crossed the Pacific in 1565. 3 to 5 million pesos were sent to Manila annually. In 1597 the The last one put into port in 1815. When the line began, Philip the fantastic amount of 12 million pesos reached the Asian port. Second was king of all the Spains and his enemy, Elizabeth Tudor, The cargoes plying the route from Manila to Acapulco were of a was queen of England.