NEOLIBERAL NETWORKS & AUTHORITARIAN RENEWAL A DIVERSE CASE STUDY OF EGYPT, JORDAN & MOROCCO Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen vorgelegt von Nadine Kreitmeyr-Koska aus Augsburg Tübingen 2016 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 23.08.2016 Dekan: Professor Dr. rer. soc. Josef Schmid 1. Gutachter: Professor Dr. Oliver Schlumberger 2. Gutachter: Professor Dr. Janine A. Clark TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................. 1 LIST OF TABLES & FIGURES ............................................................................................ 4 1. FRAMEWORK OF THIS STUDY .................................................................................... 5 1.1 THE PUZZLE ................................................................................................................ 5 1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................. 10 1.2.1 Neoliberalism Beyond Economic Reform ........................................................ 10 1.2.2 Authoritarian Renewal ...................................................................................... 19 1.2.3 Networks & Social Embeddedness ................................................................... 28 1.2.4 Social Entrepreneurship .................................................................................... 34 1.3 FRAMEWORK OF THE ANALYSIS ........................................................................ 39 1.4 FINDINGS ................................................................................................................... 49 1.5 METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................... 50 1.5.1 Social Entrepreneurship in the MENA Region & Socio-Economic Issues ...... 50 1.5.2 Case Selection ................................................................................................... 55 1.5.3 Sources .............................................................................................................. 56 1.5.4 Data Analysis .................................................................................................... 57 1.5.5 Discussion of Validity ...................................................................................... 59 2. EMPIRICAL STUDY OF EGYPT .................................................................................. 61 2.1 INTRODUCTION: SOCIO-ECONOMIC REFORM IN EGYPT............................... 61 2.2 THE SEN IN EGYPT ................................................................................................... 63 2.2.1 Emergence & Support: Actors, Institutions & Initiatives in the SEN .............. 63 2.2.2 Relations & Interactions within the Egyptian SEN .......................................... 77 2.2.3 The Generation of Resources............................................................................ 96 2.2.3.1 The Generation of Resources through International Ties ............................ 96 2.2.3.2 The Generation of Resources through Local Ties ..................................... 102 2.3 CONCLUSIONS: THE EGYPTIAN SEN & AUTHORITARIAN RENEWAL ...... 108 3. EMPIRICAL STUDY OF JORDAN ............................................................................. 109 3.1 INTRODUCTION: SOCIO-ECONOMIC REFORM IN JORDAN .......................... 109 3.2 THE SEN IN JORDAN .............................................................................................. 111 3.2.1 Emergence & Support: Actors, Institutions & Initiatives in the SEN ............ 112 3.2.2 Relations & Interactions within the Jordanian SEN ....................................... 126 3.2.3 The Generation of Resources.......................................................................... 142 3.2.3.1 The Generation of Resources through International Ties .......................... 143 3.2.3.2 The Generation of Resources Through Local Ties .................................... 147 3.3 CONCLUSIONS: THE SEN & AUTHORITARIAN RENEWAL IN JORDAN ..... 154 4. EMPIRICAL STUDY OF MOROCCO ........................................................................ 156 4.1 INTRODUCTION: SOCIO-ECONOMIC REFORM IN MOROCCO ..................... 156 4.2 THE SEN IN MOROCCO ......................................................................................... 158 4.2.1 Emergence & Support: Actors, Institutions & Initiatives in the SEN ............ 159 4.2.2 Relations & Interactions within the Moroccan SEN ...................................... 171 4.2.3 The Generation of Resources.......................................................................... 192 4.2.3.1 The Generation of Resources through International Ties .......................... 193 4.2.3.2 The Generation of Resources through Local Ties ..................................... 198 4.3 CONCLUSIONS: THE MOROCCAN SEN & AUTHORITARIAN RENEWAL ... 205 5. CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................................. 207 APPENDICES ...................................................................................................................... 211 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................... 230 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AAW Ashoka Arab World ALFA Ashoka Levant Fellows Assembly AMH Amicale Marocaine des Handicapés ASF Association Solidarité Féminine AWSI Arab World Social Innovators (Synergos) AYB Alashanek Ya Balady Association for Sustainable Development A4SE Alliance for Social Entrepreneurship BLACD Better Life Association for Comprehensive Development BMCE Banque Marocaine du Commerce Extérieur CAPEE Collectif des Associations Pour l’Education et l’Entrepreneuriat CDG Caisse de Dépôt et de Gestion CEO Chief Executive Officer CER Corporate Entrepreneurship Responsibility CESE Economic, Social and Environmental Council CGEM Confédération Générale des Entreprises du Maroc CJD Centre des Jeunes Dirigeants CSR Corporate Social Responsibility ECC Economic Consultative Council ECES Egyptian Center for Economic Studies ECRC Egyptian Corporate Responsibility Center EFE Education for Employment EGP Egyptian Pound ENF Elia Nuqul Foundation ESC Jordan Economic and Social Council EU European Union FGF Future Generation Foundation GAFI General Authority for Investment and Free Zones GAM Greater Amman Municipality GES Global Entrepreneurship Summit GESR Governorate Economic and Social Revival HTM House of Tales and Music ICNL International Center for Not-for-Profit Law 1 IMF International Monetary Fund INDH Initiative Nationale pour le Développement Humain IYF International Youth Foundation JOD Jordanian Dinar KAAYIA King Abdullah II Award for Youth Innovation & Achievement KAFD King Abdullah Fund for Development KWD Kuwaiti Dinar LoT Leaders of Tomorrow MAD Moroccan Dirham MAGG Ministry of General Affairs and Governance MCISE Moroccan Center for Innovation & Social Entrepreneurship NDP National Democratic Party MENA Middle East and North Africa MEPI Middle East Partnership Initiative NWL New Work Lab OCP Office Chérifien des Phosphates OCPEN OCP Entrepreneurship Network ONA Omnium Nord Africain OTH Orascom Telecom Holding PoE Pioneers of Egypt PwC PricewaterhouseCoopers QRCE Queen Rania Center for Entrepreneurship QRNEC Queen Rania National Entrepreneurship Competition SEN Social Entrepreneurship Network SFD Social Fund for Development SFSD Sawiris Foundation for Social Development SNA Social Network Analysis SNI Société Nationale d’Investissement SNT Social Network Theory SOY Spirit of Youth Organization SWF Skoll World Forum TADE Together Association for Development and Environment TIEC Technology Innovation and Entrepreneurship Center TTI Trip To Innovation UN United Nations USAID United States Agency for International Development 2 USD US Dollar VSB Villes Sans Bidonvilles WEF World Economic Forum WEF-MENA World Economic Forum on the Middle East & North Africa 3 LIST OF TABLES & FIGURES Table 1: Neoliberal Networks & Authoritarian Renewal ......................................................... 40 Table 2: Dimension I: Actors, Institutions & Initiatives .......................................................... 42 Table 3: Dimension II: Types of Social Ties ............................................................................ 44 Table 4: Dimension III: Types of Resources ............................................................................ 46 Table 5: Egypt, Socio-Economic Indicators, 2013 ................................................................... 53 Table 6: Morocco, Socio-Economic Indicators, 2011 .............................................................. 54 Table 7: Jordan, Socio-Economic Indicators, 2011 .................................................................. 55 Figure 1: Fellows by country in the MENA region 2003-2014 ............................................... 52 Figure 2: The Egyptian SEN .................................................................................................... 77 Figure 3: Ties between Support Organizations & Social Entrepreneurs .................................. 78 Figure 4: Ties between State Institutions & Social Entrepreneurs ........................................... 84 Figure 5: Ties between Business Actors & Social Entrepreneurs ...........................................