Psychology 841 2011. Vol.2, No.8, 841-845 Copyright © 2011 SciRes. doi:10.4236/psych.2011.28128 Social Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective for Unification Psychology Wangbing Shen, Chang Liu, Yuan Yuan Lab of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Education Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China. Email: [email protected], [email protected] Received July 3rd, 2011; revised August 13rd 2011; accepted September21st, 2011. As a direct part of these disciplines which focuses on human’s soul and mind, psychology has a history of more than one hundred years. However, there are still many people who have lots of doubts for psychology, especially on the division and integration of psychology which dates back to Spence (1987). Many studies in the past have sought for many paradigms to integrate psychology, but they failed, such as cognitive psychology paradigm. One challenge to the traditional perspective comes from works of social cognitive neuroscience. More and more specific studies showed that social cognitive neuroscience can integrate psychological science. Therefore, in- creasing psychologists, including theoretical psychologists focus their sights on social cognitive neuroscience. The article gave an overview analysis to those problems, including the integration from social cognitive neuro- science is possible and its prospect framework of integration. Keywords: Social Cognitive Neuroscience, Psychology, Humanity Hypothesis, Psy-DNA Model What’s Social Cognitive Neuroscience? does SCN integrate those divided approaches. We will discuss these problems in the following. However, we have to intro- Social cognitive neuroscience (SCN) dated back to the be- duce the concept and construct of humanity hypothesis which ginning of twenty-first century. Oschner and Lieberman (2001) the integration depends. gave a concrete interpreting for SCN. They pointed out that Humanity Hypothesis Is the Beginning of Unification SCN evolved from the interdisciplinary combination between social psychology and cognitive neuroscience. Meanwhile, they In general, there are two approaches in psychological science. also argued that its goal seemed to understand phenomena in One is human science approach, the other is natural science terms of interactions across three levels, including social, cog- approach. The former is mainly guided by phenomenological nitive and neural. In particular, the name SCN denotes the in- philosophy, whereas the latter is instructed by empirical phi- terdisciplinary nature of this field, and emphasizes the charac- losophy. Just so, those two guidelines result in they are differ- teristic of integrating data from multiple levels ranged from ent not only in their views but also in their methods. Specifi- individual experience and behavior in the social contexts (social cally, human science approach in psychology mainly employs level) to information processing mechanisms giving rise to qualitative paradigm. It pays more attention to unique value of those phenomena (cognitive level) to the brain base (neural person because it believes that there is important difference level). between person and machine such as computer, or animals such SCN is still relatively new; however, it builds on a lot of well as Thorndike’s cat or Tolman’s rat. In contrast, the natural sci- ence approach of psychology mainly argues that the psyche or established disciplines including social psychology, develop- mind can be reduced to logic or processing of machine or oth- mental psychology and cognitive psychology, evolutionary ers, such as some activities of animals. Also for this, many biology, neuropsychology and computer science. Each provides radical theoretical psychologists name it reductionist. Hence, a solid basis of relevant research for SCN from different aspects there is a great gap between these two approaches in method- (Blakemore, Winston, & Frith, 2004). In particularly, those ology and method. As many textbooks mentioned, the former studies on social cognition contribute more to the development investigate psychological process and cognitive mechanism of SCN, including stereotype, attitude forming and or attitude mainly depending on narrative analysis or other phenomenol- change, social judgment, self-knowledge and the interaction ogical methods, whereas the latter do this primarily depending between emotion and cognition. Then, the technologies such as on quantitive measures such as lab experiment and psychologi- brain imaging or event related potentials (ERPs) contribute to it. cal test. In a word, SCN encompasses numerous empirical studies on According to the aforementioned, there is a great difference neural mechanism underlying social cognitive process (Blake- between these two approaches ranging from guidelines to more, Winston, & Frith, 2004), and those studies on general methods. People should realize that how different they are, cognitive process such as perception, language and memory. although they all belong to psychological science. In this sense, they all explore and try to clarify humanity. Namely, there is a Could SCN Integrate Psychological Science? consensus between them. In sum, they want to explore and discuss mind and behaviors of human being. When we argue that SCN will integrate different fields of Unified Humanity Determines Unification Psychology psychological science, there are many researchers or studies maybe question that why would be SCN, not others, and how In psychology, there are numerous humanity hypotheses, 842 W. B. SHEN ET AL. such as “self-realization human” hypothesis and “complex hu- in the context of the nurture, or mainly culture in which we man” hypothesis. Different approaches of psychology are de- develop and live, while, neurophysiologic mechanisms of our veloped based on different humanity hypotheses. For example, behaviors and minds mainly determined by our genes and brain, our humanistic psychology was developed by Maslow based on which influenced and even decided by our parents. In a word, self-realization human hypothesis. If we want to investigate the our behaviors and minds are mainly determined by their genetic reasons of division in psychological science, we will find that background and their experiences, thee former also named na- humanity hypothesis plays an important role in it. Why is it? ture, the later nurture. Because those humanity hypotheses are so different that they What we have referred, SCN combines mainly cognitive guided different approaches. However, those hypotheses reach neuroscience and social psychology. However, an important little consensus. That is, those approaches of psychology which goal of social neuroscience research is to understand the basic based on different or contrary humanity hypotheses share little genetic and neurobiological mechanisms underlying human similarity. Hence, different humanity hypotheses, to some ex- sociality. Although this information can then be used for the tent, result in the division of psychology. development of novel treatment strategies for clinical disorders When you critically reviewed those humanity hypotheses, associated with disrupted social behaviors. Unfortunately, basic you will find that each of them is not appropriate, because they and clinical human research has been severely limited in its only focuses on one side of humanity. In other words, human ability to dissect the complex interactions of genes, the envi- nature has been constructed different second-order humanities ronment, and the neural mechanisms underlying normal social clarified by different humanity hypotheses. Second-order hu- processes (Cacioppo, Amaral et al., 2007). It is not difficult to man nature is based on humanity on high ground, not primary find that SCN try to understand neural basis of our behaviors and low ground, such as morality which was not based on basic and their underlying phenomena meaning. Meanwhile, we also and low ground, but based on high ground (similar to a noble understand these relationships between humanity and SCN. As person rather than an usual person). One prominent problem on noted above, SCN builds on a variety of well established disci- humanity hypothesis is that it only focuses on social or psy- plines including social, developmental and cognitive psychol- chological aspect of human nature, rather than every side of ogy, evolutionary biology, neuropsychology and computer humanity. In such sense, a humanity hypothesis determines science, especially social psychology and cognitive neurosci- which direction psychological science goes ahead. If humanity ence. What we should emphasize, social psychologies mainly is unified, people will perhaps have a unification psychology. focus on social phenomena and its psychological meanings, To resolve such sharp difference in the literature, it is neces- cognitive neuroscience mainly pay attention to neural or sary to construct a new and unified humanity hypothesis. Thus, physiological basis of minds and behaviors. However, human- we try to propose a unified humanity hypothesis (see Figure 1). ity is mainly influenced by such two factors. Therefore, SCN The investigators believe that humanity includes different ele- relate to humanity hypothesis, and even to integration of psy- ments. Humanity co-evolved with sociality, physic nature, bio- chology science. logical basis and experience or culture. Meanwhile, humanity is evolving with the growth of a person. SCN Integrates Psychology: A Framework Do Those Relate to SCN? Psy-DNA Model Although previous content