Zoological Studies 44(2): 200-209 (2005) Hasora anura de Nicéville from Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Coeliadinae) Representing a New Subspecies Endemic to the Island Yu-Feng Hsu1,*, Hiroshi Tsukiyama2, and Hideyuki Chiba3 1Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan 116, R.O.C. Tel: 886-2-29326234 ext. 338. Fax: 886-2-29312904. E-mail: [email protected] 24-18, Narashoinodai # 2-203, Funabashi-Shi, Chiba Pref. 274-0063, Japan. E-mail: [email protected] 3Natural Science Department, Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI 96817 0916, USA. E-mail: skipper@ i.bekkoame.ne.jp (Accepted January 16, 2005) Yu-Feng Hsu, Hiroshi Tsukiyama, and Hideyuki Chiba (2005) Hasora anura de Nicéville from Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Coeliadinae) representing a new subspecies endemic to the island. Zoological Studies 44(2): 200-209. Populations of Hasora anura of Taiwan possess morphological characters and larval host usage which differ from those of conspecific populations in continental Asia. They are considered to repre- sent a new subspecies endemic to Taiwan. This new subspecies is characterized by 1) an ocherous ground color on the wing undersides; 2) creamy-yellow markings on the hindwing undersides; 3) a valva rapidly nar- rowing distally; and 4) arms of the uncus close at the base. It is monophagous as a larva, feeding on Ormosia formosana (Fabaceae), in contrast to the broader host range of the continental populations, which utilize both Ormosia and Milletia (Fabaceae) as larval hosts. Year-round observations of the occurrence of immatures of this new subspecies and documentation in literature records suggest that it is a univoltine species, in which the occurrence of immatures is synchronized with the annual budding of its host; it probably overwinters as an adult. http://www.sinica.edu.tw/zool/zoolstud/44.2/200.pdf Key words: Host association, Fabaceae, Monophagy, Endemicity. Members of the genus Hasora Moore, 1881 ranging from the southern part of continental are fairly large in size among skippers and are China and not extending much farther south in swift, strong flyers (Eliot 1992). The species diver- Indochina (Shirôzu 1960, Tsukiyama 1981). H. sity of this genus is high, with approximately 28 anura was previously divided into 3 geographical species, and it is the 2nd-largest skipper genus in races, H. a. anura de Nicéville, 1889 (Sikkim, Southeast Asia (Tsukiyama 1981, Chiba 1995). northeastern India, and northern Burma), H. a. Only Celaenorrhinus Hübner, 1819 contains more danda Evans, 1949 (Indochina), and H. a. china species in the region. The genus has a vast distri- Evans, 1949 (continental China) (Chiba 1995) butional range, from the Indian subcontinent, east- (Fig. 1). Evans (1949) considered danda as a wards across nearly all of southeastern Asia, good species, but Chiba (1995) pointed out that reaching Papua New Guinea, Australia, and Fiji the diagnostic characters of danda used by Evans (Evans 1949, Tsukiyama 1981, Eliot 1992). It agree with those of anura and concluded that the reaches its highest species diversity in the Oriental 2 taxa are conspecific. tropics (Tsukiyama 1981). The ranges of only a The presence of H. anura in Taiwan was con- few Hasora species extend northwards into south- firmed by Shirôzu (1943), who stated that there ern China. Among them, just 1 species, namely are differences in the wing markings between the Hasora anura de Nicéville, 1889, is a purely mon- populations of H. anura in Taiwan and those of the tane species that is restricted to northern territory, nominotypical subspecies in mainland China, but * To whom correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed. 200 Hsu et al. -- New Subspecies of Hasora anura 201 no treatment was suggested due to the lack of suf- (2002). Terminology follows Nijhout (1991) for ficient material from the Asian continent for com- wing patterns, and Evans (1949) and Klots (1970) parison. Shirôzu (1960) subsequently adopted the for genitalia. Types of H. a. taiwana subsp. nov. name china for the populations of Taiwan. Authors are deposited in the following institutes and collec- have followed this treatment since then (e.g., tions: BMNH: The Natural History Museum, Hamano 1986, Uchida 1988 1991 1995). Never- London, UK; HTC: Hiroshi Tsukiyama Collection, theless, Chiba et al. (1992) and Chiba (1995) con- Funabashi, Japan; KU: Faculty of Agriculture, sidered that the wing patterns of populations from Kyushu Univ., Fukuoka, Japan; NMNS: National Taiwan are distinct from those of continental Asian Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, Taiwan; populations. Having compared samples of H. NTNU, National Taiwan Normal Univ., Taipei, anura from Taiwan with those from continental Taiwan; and SEHU, Systematic Entomology , Asia, we confirmed Chiba s (1995) observations Laboratory, Hokkaido Univ., Sapporo, Japan. and came to the conclusion that samples from the island differ considerably from those of the Asian Survey on the phenology and larval host continent in terms of adult morphology and larval association host usage. Thus, the populations of H. anura from Taiwan should be regarded as a new sub- A study area at approximately 700 m in eleva- species. tion in Lianhuachi, Yuchi, Nantou Co., central Taiwan was selected to conduct a preliminary sur- vey on the phenology and larval host association MATERIALS AND METHODS of H. anura in Taiwan. Observations were per- formed once a month in 2001, at a site where both Taxonomic methods the recorded larval host of Ormosia formosana Kanehira, 1936 (Fabaceae) (e.g., Uchida 1988 Samples of H. anura from Taiwan were com- 1991 1995, Igarashi and Fukuda 2000) and Milletia pared with conspecific specimens from continental nitida Benthem, 1842 (Fabaceae), a frequently Asia, including: 32 ♂ and 9 ♀ from Myanmar reported host plant of the continental H. a. china (Burma); 47 ♂ and 9 ♀ from Thailand; 9 ♂ and 5 (Hill et al. 1978, Johnston and Johnston 1980, ♀ from Laos; 10 ♂ and 10 ♀ from Vietnam; and Bascombe et al. 1999), grow abundantly. 25 ♂ and 16 ♀ from China (Fig. 1). Dissection of Vegetation of both plants was examined for the the genitalia follows the procedures of Hsu and Liu presence of immatures of H. anura. Data of adult Fig. 1. Distribution of Hasora anura subspecies; squares denote H. a. anura, circles H. a. danda, diamonds H. a. china, and triangles H. a. taiwana. Closed symbols indicate specimen records (HTC, KU, NMNS, NTNU, and SEHU), and open symbols indicate literature records (from Evans 1949, Smith 1994, Bascombe et al. 1999). 202 Zoological Studies 44(2): 200-209 (2005) records were compiled from the literature. Data gate, lateral, flattened arms, each twisted at termi- from 2 immature-rearing databases were used; nal end and with a medial, outer protrusion. one is maintained by James J. Young, the Hong Gnathos strongly protruding posteriad, extending Kong Lepidoptera Society (rearing lot abbreviated beyond caudal end of uncus. Valva elongate, with as JJY), and the other is at the Department of Life bifid style, forming a shallow, V-shaped depression Science, NTNU (lot abbreviated as HSU). at caudal end; dorsal extension triangular with a sharp point, ventral extension slightly serrate, cir- cular; harpe slightly serrate dorsad, broad at base, RESULTS bearing a flattened arm leading to a dorsal, elon- gate, triangular extension and a distal, broad, SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNTS upcurved extension. Phallus straight, shorter than length of valva, with phallobase more than 2x Hasora anura taiwana, subsp. nov. length of aedeagus. (Figs. 2, 3, 10, 11, 18-20, 30-33) Female (Figs. 3, 11): Forewing length 19.0~22.7 (21.39 ± 1.22) mm (n = 8); length of Description: Male (Figs. 2, 10). Forewing antennae approximately 11.8~12.5 (12.11 ± 0.37) length 21.2~24.0 (22.24 ± 0.96) mm (n = 14); mm (n = 7). Head and thorax: Structure and color length of antenna 11.8~13.5 (12.49 ± 0.54 mm (n = pattern as described for male. Wings: Configu- 14). Head. Hairy, brown on vertex, chaetosemata ration and ground color similar to those of male. on vertex represented as pale-brown hair tufts; Markings much more prominent than those of additional chaetosemata behind antennae forming male; central symmetry system of forewing repre- brown brushes. Antennae covered with brown sented by 2 conspicuous, creamy-yellow, semi- scaling dorsally, creamy-yellow ventrally, nudum transparent spots in cells Cu1 and Cu2, and a present at swollen part of flagellum. Eyes semio- series of 3 or 4 small subapical dots of same color val, smooth. Labial palpus porrect, with short, arranged in a line. Parafocal elements of forewing thick 1st segment and long, stout 2nd segment, underside diffused into broad patch of creamy- both covered with brown mixed with creamy-white white posteriorly. Creamy-yellow dash and dot on scaling; 3rd segment minute, digitate, covered by hindwing underside more prominent than those of brown scaling. Thorax covered with pale-brown male. Abdomen covered with brown hairs. hairs. Legs covered with brown hairs. Immatures: Ovum (Fig. 30): Dome-shaped, Forewing: Costa nearly straight but slightly white, approximately 0.72 ± 0.01 mm in diameter, bent backwards at apex; termen concave, length 0.52 ± 0.03 mm in height; chorion with 13~17 lon- subequal to that of dorsum; dorsum straight. gitudinal ribs (n = 10). Mature larva (Fig. 32): Ground color of upperside uniformly glossy brown. Head nearly circular in shape, covered with soft, Central symmetry system represented by 1 or 2 white hairs on surface; dark brown or pale yellow- minute, creamy-yellow subapical dots. Fringe dark ish-brown in color. Body cylindrical, covered with brown. Ground color of underside brown, overlaid soft, white hairs, pale brown to dark brown in color. with ocherous scaling anteriorly and distally. T1 shield with dark-brown transverse band. Anal Creamy-yellow subapical dot(s) present as on plate with circular posterior margin.