VOLUME 8, ISSUE 1, 2017 Journal of European Security and Defense Issues n HARNESSING NATO’S STRENGTH n POOLING AND SHARING RESOURCES Preventing conflicts with Russia NATO’s Article 3 is tested n THE CASE FOR ‘CITIZEN SOLDIERS’ PLUS Countering threats to EU security Humanistic and innovative military training n REASSESSING SECURITY SYSTEMS Diplomacy as a defense strategy Ukrainian crisis changes the dynamic Building a better neighborhood policy THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN SECURITY Adapting to New Threats TABLE OF CONTENTS features 10 NATO’s Land Forces By Gen. John W. Nicholson, U.S. Army NATO has established the Readiness Action Plan to deal with the threat posed by Russian aggression. 16 Preserving EU Security By Gabor Csizmazia, National University of Public Service, Budapest, Hungary Regional cohesion is key to challenges posed by multiple crises and new uncertainties. 22 Building Stronger Neighbors By Teodor Lucian Moga, assistant professor at the Centre for European Studies, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University European Union policies toward its neighbors must be consistent, coherent. 28 EU-Wide Internal Security Forces By Alfred C. Lugert, in cooperation with Władysław Bartoszewski, Tuomas Forsberg, Maria Grazia Galantino, Alain Lamballe, Alain Pellegrini, Alexandra Richie and Walter Tancsits Member states explore using “citizen soldiers” to 10 deal with threats inside Europe. 34 Shifting Positions By Farid Osmanov, Chevening Scholar at the University of Oxford, Blavatnik School of Government Why regional cooperation in Afghanistan fails to deliver. 40 NATO in the Western Balkans By Maj. Gen. Walter T. Lord, U.S. Army National Guard Given the security dynamics in Europe, NATO can no longer accept intermittent success in the integration of Western Balkan aspirants. 22 34 departments in every issue 4 DIRECTOR’S LETTER 5 CONTRIBUTORS 7 VIEWPOINT 66 CALENDAR COOPERATION 46 Cooperative Security Within NATO By Maj. Joseph N. Gardner, U.S. Army A focus on Article 3 would improve interoperability to address horizontal threats. SECURITY 52 Better Training, Better Soldiers By Maj. Gen. Igor Tolok, Ukrainian Ministry of Defense Developing and improving Ukraine’s military 40 education process. 56 Women, Peace and Security By Annjulie Vester, Marshall Center Involving more women in peace processes and the security sector will yield lasting benefits. POLICY 60 Defense Diplomacy By Lt. Col. Gwyn A. Carver, U.S. Army Defense diplomacy can effectively address the questions raised by global uncertainty and regional insecurity. on the cover: A Polish Army soldier sits in a tank during NATO’s Noble Jump military exercise conducted by the Very High Readiness Joint Task Force in Zagan, Poland. GETTY IMAGES 56 DIRECTOR'S LETTER Welcome to the 29th issue of per Concordiam. In this issue, we look at developing strategies to address contemporary security challenges in Europe. We have gathered articles that consider different perspectives on a security environment that is evolv- ing in Europe and Eurasia and provide what we hope are appropriate responses to regional security challenges. The European security order that evolved after the Cold War now faces a world of new conflicts, vulnerabilities and (dis)order chal- lenges. Although much has been accomplished, clearly more must be done — a task made particularly difficult in this very dynamic period in history. We look forward to dialogue with our readers as we address the challenges to security and stability in the Euro-Atlantic area and beyond. The focus on hybrid warfare, on Europe’s eastern flank in particular, provides an opportunity to highlight challenges to Euro-Atlantic states, institutions, identity and Keith W. Dayton values and to better understand how aggressive hybrid actions challenge the eastern Director, George C. Marshall partners and how Euro-Atlantic security structures might mitigate the unintended European Center for Security Studies consequences for these neighbors. Keith W. Dayton retired as a To that end, our authors present current Euro-Atlantic vulnerabilities and how Lieutenant General from the U.S. they can be exploited. These include: hard-power tools, protracted conflicts, transna- Army in late 2010 after more tional organized crime, political corruption and the undermining of political institu- than 40 years of service. His last tions, economic integration and disintegration tendencies, energy security and the assignment on active duty was logic of interdependence and independence. as U.S. Security Coordinator In addition, we look at issues that shed light on the conflict dynamics on Europe’s to Israel and the Palestinian southern flank, with a particular focus on foreign fighters and refugees as instruments Authority in Jerusalem. An of war and, over the longer term, the issue of youth radicalization and how the Iraq/ artillery officer by training, he also Syria crisis has increasingly spilled over into neighboring states and begun a metastasis has served as politico-military that impacts the stability of states, institutions and identities in the Middle East and staff officer for the Army in North Africa. Washington, D.C., and U.S. The Marshall Center’s objective is to share effective methods, learn from each defense attaché in Russia. He other and discuss emerging trends in a way that captures insights as to how the worked as director of the Iraqi European Union and NATO can formulate new southern flank strategies while Survey Group for Operation minimizing negative spillovers and “collateral damage” to NATO and EU neighbors Iraqi Freedom in Iraq. He earned and partners. I hope the ideas in this issue increase dialogue on this complicated but a Senior Service College important topic and help inform EU and NATO strategic thinking. Fellowship to Harvard University As always, we at the Marshall Center welcome your comments and perspectives and served as the Senior Army on these topics and will include your responses in future editions. Please feel free to Fellow on the Council on Foreign contact us at [email protected] Relations in New York. Gen. Dayton has a bachelor’s degree Sincerely, in history from the College of William and Mary, a master’s degree in history from Cambridge University and another in international relations from the Keith W. Dayton University of Southern California. Director 4 per Concordiam CONTRIBUTORS Lt. Col. Gwyn A. Carver serves as the U.S. Army War College fellow at the Marshall Center, Journal of European Security where her research focuses on promoting U.S. defense diplomacy and political-military matters and Defense Issues with an emphasis on Africa. As a U.S. Army foreign area officer, she served as the senior military advisor to the director of the U.S. Office of National Drug Control Policy; the defense attache to Rwanda; and the first U.S. defense attache to South Sudan upon independence, among other assignments advancing defense and security cooperation, counterterrorism and The Future of peacekeeping initiatives throughout East, Central and West Africa. European Security Volume 8, Issue 1, 2017 Gabor Csizmazia is an assistant lecturer at the Faculty of International and European Studies, National University of Public Service in Hungary, where he teaches theories of international relations, security studies and U.S. foreign and security policy. His research focuses on contemporary U.S. foreign and security policy in relation to Central and Eastern Europe. He is a Marshall Center alumnus. George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies Maj. Gen. Walter T. Lord, U.S. Army National Guard, is military executive to the secretary of Leadership defense’s Reserve Forces Policy Board. His experience includes assignments as plans, policy and training officer at U.S. European Command’s Joint Contact Team Program; deputy U.S. Keith W. Dayton national military representative and U.S. representative to the Partnership Coordination Cell at Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe; and European branch chief in the International Director Affairs Division, National Guard Bureau. He deployed to Bosnia-Herzegovina as deputy chief for civil-military operations with the Stabilization Force’s Multinational Division-North, Ben Reed 2002-2003, and as commander of NATO Headquarters Sarajevo, 2012-2013. U.S. Deputy Director Johann Berger Alfred C. Lugert chairs the study group for security policy in Vienna. He has been a visiting German Deputy Director professor of political science at the University of New Orleans and has taught at the University of Vienna, the University of Munich and the University of Salzburg, where he earlier earned his Ph.D. He is an expert in Balkan studies and served in several peacekeeping missions, Ambassador Douglas Griffiths including with the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and the European International Liaison Union. He is a retired Austrian Air Force colonel. Marshall Center Teodor Lucian Moga is an assistant professor at the Centre for European Studies at The George C. Marshall European Center Alexandru Ioan Cuza University in Iasi, Romania. He has worked for the European Commission for Security Studies is a German-American and the British Embassy in Romania and has completed various research stints at the partnership founded in 1993. The center European Union Institute for Security Studies in Paris, the Marshall Center and the Romanian promotes dialogue and understanding be- Academy of Science. tween European, Eurasian, North American and other nations. The theme of its resident courses and outreach events: Most 21st century security challenges require inter- Gen. John W. Nicholson is commander of the NATO Resolute Support mission and U.S. national, interagency and interdisciplinary Forces-Afghanistan. He has served more than 34 years in the U.S. Army, most recently as response and cooperation. commander of the NATO Allied Land Command in Izmir, Turkey. He previously commanded the 82nd Airborne Division at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. He is a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy and holds a Master of Military Art and Science and a Master of Science in national security studies.