Citation: Loron, Mehrdad Sahraei, Ismail, Sumarni and Rahimian, Farzad Pour (2012) Energy efficiency for reducing carbon footprint in historic buildings: Comparing case in the UK and Malaysia. In: 2nd International Conference on Socio-Political and Technological Dimensions of Climate Change, 19th - 21st November 2012, Selangor, Malaysia. URL: This version was downloaded from Northumbria Research Link: http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/37303/ Northumbria University has developed Northumbria Research Link (NRL) to enable users to access the University’s research output. Copyright © and moral rights for items on NRL are retained by the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. 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To read and/or cite from the published version of the research, please visit the publisher’s website (a subscription may be required.) 2nd International Conference on Socio-Political and Technological Dimensions of Climate Change 19-21 November 2012 UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOCIO-POLITICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE Edited By: Dr. Farzad Pour Rahimian Professor Dr. Rahinah Ibrahim Professor Dr. Jack Goulding Prof. Abang Abdullah Abang Ali Application to copy the whole or a part of this Publication should be made to: Housing Research Centre Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang, 43400, Selangor Malaysia Tel: +603 8946 7849/7850/7856 Fax: +603 8946 7869 Email: [email protected] ISBN 978-967-960-327-9 UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA ii TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................ iv ORGANISATION .......................................................................................... v FOREWORD .............................................................................................. vii PART 1: INTERNATIONAL SOCIO-CULTURAL AND POLITICAL ISSUES . 9 1 Analysing the Literature for the Link between the Conservative Islamic Culture of Saudi Arabia and the Design of Sustainable Housing ........................................... 10 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, we would like to formally appreciate all the efforts of the Scientific Committee, Panel Chairs and external contributors to the conference. We are also grateful for the participation of the Keynote Speakers, whose expertise and enthusiasm enriched the discussions held during the conference. We are also thankful to the Faculty of Design and Architecture, Universiti Putra Malaysia for their generous contribution. Finally, we would like to extend special thanks to the Housing Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia and to the Centre for Sustainable Development, University of Central Lancashire, UK for organising this successful conference. The Editors iv ORGANISATION LOCAL ORGANISING COMMITTEE JOINT CONFERENCE CHAIR: . Prof. Dato' Abang Abdullah Abang Ali, Director, Housing Research Centre (HRC), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia . Prof. Dr. Rahinah Ibrahim, Dean, Faculty of Design and Architecture Universiti Putra Malaysia Selangor, Malaysia . Prof. Dr. Jack Steven Goulding, Director of Centre for Sustainable Development, University of Central Lancashire, United Kingdom SECRETARIAT: . Dr. Farzad Pour Rahimian, Faculty of Design and Architecture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia . Miss Norliyana Abd. Karim, Admin Officer, Housing Research Centre (HRC), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL COMMITTEE . Prof. Dato' Abang Abdullah Abang Ali, Director, Housing Research Centre (HRC), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia . Prof. Dr. Akintola Akintoye, Dean, School of Built and Natural Environment, University of Central Lanchashire, United Kingdom . Prof. Dr. Jack Steven Goulding, Director of Centre for Sustainable Development, University of Central Lancashire, United Kingdom . Prof. Dr. Rahinah Ibrahim, Dean, Faculty of Design and Architecture Universiti Putra Malaysia Selangor, Malaysia . Dr. Farzad Pour Rahimian, Faculty of Design and Architecture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia . Dr. Celine Germond-Duret, University of Central Lancashire (current); Liverpool John Moores University (from August), United Kingdom . Dr Mohamad Fakri Zaky Jaafar, Unviersiti Putra Malaysia . Dr. Zalina Shari, Faculty of Design and Architecture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia . Prof. LAr. Dr. Mustafa Kamal Bin Mohd Shariff, Professor of Landscape Architecture, Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Design and Architecture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia . Assoc. Prof. Ar. Dr. Azizah Salim, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia . Prof. Dr. John Tookey, Centre for Advanced Studies in Construction and Engineering Management (CASCEM) AUT University Auckland New Zealand, New Zealand . Architect Chin Haw Lim, Solar Energy Research Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Malaysia . Assoc. Prof. Dr. Veronica Soebarto, University of Adelaide, Australia v . Prof. Dr. Jayum Anak Jawan, Deputy Dean (Postgraduate Studies, Faculty of Human Ecology), Department of Government & Civilisation Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 serdang, selangor, MALAYSIA, Malaysia . Prof. Dr. Xiongwei Liu, Chair of Energy and Power Management Head of Wind Energy Engineering Research Group School of Computing, Engineering and Physical Sciences University of Central Lancashire, United Kingdom . Prof. Dr. Felix FitzRoy, School of Economics and Finance University of St. Andrews, United Kingdom . Dr. Wafaa Nadim, The German University in Cairo (GUC) . Dr. Sharifah Mazlina Syed Khuzzan, International Islamic University Malaysia . Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohammad Taghi Pirbabaei, Vice Chancellor, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Iran, Islamic Republic Of . Begum Sertyesilisik, Visiting Prof. at the Liverpool John Moores University, UK Assoc. Prof. at the Istanbul Technical University, Turkey, Turkey vi FOREWORD The concern for climate change at the international level dates back to the end of the 1970s with the organisation of the first World Climate Conference, which opened the way to many intergovernmental conferences organised from the mid-1980s. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established in 1988 by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) to provide the world with a state of knowledge on climate change and its impacts. Its first report released in 1990 confirmed the scientific evidence for climate change and the risk posed by human activities on the environment, playing an important role in the discussions on a climate change convention. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was adopted in 1992 during the Rio Conference. It represents the basis for a global response to climate change. It was expanded in 1997 with the creation of the Kyoto Protocol, that sets binding targets for industrialised countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 2012. Climate Change affects both the environment and human beings. The strategies to mitigate this phenomenon and to adapt to its consequences also impact on the natural and built environment and on populations, be it through the implementation of wind farms, the adoption of a fuel tax or incentive measures for sustainable construction. While global in its nature, climate change has differentiated impacts at the local level, thus requiring a wide array of solutions to respond to the particularities of each situation. In many ways, climate change represents an obstacle to sustainable development but it can also represent the opportunity to rethink consumption and production patterns, to imagine alternatives to non-renewable sources of energy and to develop new technologies. The Kyoto Protocol requires industrialised countries to meet their greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets primarily through national measures, while providing for international flexible market-based mechanisms (emissions trading, clean development mechanism, joint implementation). Over the years, we have witnessed a shift from mitigation to adaptation strategies, the two approaches now being advocated and combined. Indeed, it was recognised that it would be very difficult to limit an additional rise of GHGs to a satisfactory level and that negative impacts of climate change will actually occur. Current international discussions deal with these two approaches. On mitigation, climate scientists estimate that the world must cut its emissions by 80% by 2050 to limit global warming to a 2°C average rise compared to pre-industrial levels. Although it seems difficult, not to say unrealistic, to reach this objective, islands states and some African countries are even worried that such an increase in temperature