Bsal Action Plan Mitigating Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in Europe Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans Action Plan for European urodeles i Bsal Action Plan Colophon Title: Mitigating Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in Europe Subtitle: Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans Action Plan for European urodeles Citation: Gilbert M. J., A. M. Spitzen-van der Sluijs, S. Canessa, J. Bosch, A. A. Cun- ningham, E. Grasselli, A. Laudelout, S. Lötters, C. Miaud, S. Salvidio, M. Veith, A. Martel and F. Pasmans. 2020. Mitigating Batrachochytrium sala­ mandrivorans in Europe. Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans Action Plan for European urodeles. Nijmegen, the Netherlands. Authors: Maarten Gilbert, Annemarieke Spitzen-van der Sluijs, Stefano Canessa, Jaime Bosch, Andrew A. Cunningham, Elena Grasselli, Arnaud Laudelout, Stefan Lötters, Claude Miaud, Sebastiano Salvidio, Michael Veith, An Mar- tel and Frank Pasmans Contributors: Wouter Beukema, Sergé Bogaerts, Lieze Rouffaer and Benedikt Schmidt Layout: Anton van Woerkom Photo cover: Fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra), Jelger Helder Commissioned by: European Commission, Directorate-General Environment, Directorate B – Natural Capital Unit B.3 - Nature Reference: ENV.B.3/SER/2016/0028 Website: www.bsaleurope.com Project partners: Ghent University, RAVON, Natagora, ZSL Institute of Zoology, Trier Univer- sity, University of Genoa, University of Zürich, CEFE, CSIC ii Bsal Action Plan Contents Reading guide ..........................................................................................................................................1 Executive summary (English) ...................................................................................................................3 Zusammenfassung (Deutsch) ..................................................................................................................5 Resumen operativo (Espanol) ..................................................................................................................7 Résumé exécutif (Français) ......................................................................................................................9 Riepilogo operativo (Italiano) ................................................................................................................11 Managementsamenvatting (Nederlands) ..............................................................................................13 Technical summary ................................................................................................................................15 Glossary .................................................................................................................................................19 1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................21 1.1 Considered species and geographic area ..............................................................................22 2 Species and subspecies-specific Bsal risk assessment ..........................................................25 2.1 Risk assessment methodology ..............................................................................................25 2.1.1 Estimated susceptibility ........................................................................................................26 2.1.2 Range size .............................................................................................................................27 2.1.3 Excluded parameters ............................................................................................................28 2.2 Risk assessment outcomes ...................................................................................................29 3 Current legislative regulations ..............................................................................................35 4 General Action Plan ..............................................................................................................37 4.1 Pre-invasion phase actions ...................................................................................................38 4.1.1 National Action Plans ............................................................................................................38 4.1.1.1 Actions prior to and upon Bsal incursion ..............................................................................39 4.1.2 Early Warning System ...........................................................................................................42 4.1.3 Biosecurity ............................................................................................................................43 4.1.4 Habitat management ............................................................................................................44 4.1.5 Population monitoring ..........................................................................................................44 4.1.6 Passive pathogen surveillance ..............................................................................................44 4.1.7 Removal of non-native species .............................................................................................45 4.1.8 European Bsal Working Group ..............................................................................................45 4.1.9 Budget and permits ..............................................................................................................45 4.1.10 Ex situ conservation measures ..............................................................................................46 4.1.11 Scientific work .......................................................................................................................46 4.1.12 Trade restrictions ..................................................................................................................47 4.2 Invasion (epidemic) phase actions ........................................................................................47 4.3 Established (endemic) phase actions ....................................................................................48 4.3.1 Conservation unit extinction .................................................................................................48 iii Bsal Action Plan 5 Species-specific protocols .....................................................................................................53 Hynobiidae Salamandrella keyserlingii Siberian salamander ....................................54 Plethodontidae Speleomantes ambrosii Ambrosi’s cave salamander ..............................56 Plethodontidae Speleomantes flavus Monte Albo cave salamander ............................58 Plethodontidae Speleomantes genei Gené’s cave salamander .....................................60 Plethodontidae Speleomantes imperialis Imperial cave salamander............................62 Plethodontidae Speleomantes italicus Italian cave salamander ...................................64 Plethodontidae Speleomantes sarrabusensis Sette Fratelli cave salamander...............66 Plethodontidae Speleomantes strinatii Strinati’s cave salamander ..............................68 Plethodontidae Speleomantes supramontis Supramonte cave salamander .................70 Proteidae Proteus anguinus Olm .........................................................................72 Salamandridae Calotriton arnoldi Montseny brook newt ............................................74 Salamandridae Calotriton asper Pyrenean brook newt ...............................................76 Salamandridae Chioglossa lusitanica Golden-striped salamander ..............................78 Salamandridae Euproctus montanus Corsican brook newt ..........................................80 Salamandridae Euproctus platycephalus Sardinian brook newt ..................................82 Salamandridae Ichthyosaura alpestris Alpine newt .....................................................84 Salamandridae Lissotriton boscai Bosca’s newt ...........................................................86 Salamandridae Lissotriton graecus Greek smooth newt ..............................................88 Salamandridae Lissotriton helveticus Palmate newt ....................................................90 Salamandridae Lissotriton italicus Italian newt ...........................................................92 Salamandridae Lissotriton montandoni Montandon’s newt ........................................94 Salamandridae Lissotriton schmidtleri Schmidtler’s smooth newt ..............................96 Salamandridae Lissotriton vulgaris Smooth newt .......................................................98 Salamandridae Lyciasalamandra helverseni Karpathos salamander .........................100 Salamandridae Lyciasalamandra luschani Luschan’s salamander .............................102 Salamandridae Pleurodeles waltl Sharp-ribbed newt ................................................104 Salamandridae Salamandra atra Alpine salamander .................................................106 Salamandridae Salamandra corsica Corsican fire salamander ...................................108 Salamandridae Salamandra lanzai Lanza’s salamander .............................................110 Salamandridae Salamandra salamandra Fire salamander ........................................112 Salamandridae Salamandrina perspicillata Northern spectacled salamander ..........114 Salamandridae