FINAL REPORT May 24, 2002 Understanding Community Justice Partnerships: Assessing the Capacity to Partner Caterina Gouvis Roman, The Urban Institute Gretchen E. Moore, The Urban Institute Susan Jenkins, Caliber Associates Kevonne M. Small, Caliber Associates Submitted to the National Institute of Justice. Prepared Under Contract Number OJP-99-C-010 (T005) for the National Institute of Justice. research for safer communities URBAN INSTITUTE Justice Policy Center Acknowledgments This report was written by Caterina Gouvis Roman and Gretchen Moore of The Urban Institute, and Susan Jenkins and Kevonne Small of Caliber Associates. Adele Harrell facilitated the focus group, provided significant assistance with the outline, and offered insightful comments on report substance and editing; we thank her for her advice and tireless support. We also thank Dan Felker, Caliber Associates, and Cornelia Sorensen, National Institute of Justice, for their assistance throughout this project. The authors acknowledge the contributions of the focus group participants, Sarah Bryer, Catherine M. Coles, James Copple, David R. Karp, Phyllis McDonald, Susan Motika, Shelli Rossman, Carol Shapiro, Arnold K. Sherman, and Avis Vidal. We thank them for their thoughtful participation in the focus group and their time spent providing comments and suggestions on a previous draft of this report. We also would like to thank Dennis Rosenbaum who provided comments on the draft report, and the anonymous peer reviews, who provided comments on the final report. We thank Dionne Davis for helping with the meeting coordination to bring everyone together for the focus group. We especially thank Elizabeth Griffith at the National Institute of Justice for supporting this work. Acknowledgements CONTENTS Executive Summary ...............................................................................................................................................i PART I. ASSESSING THE CAPACITY TO PARTNER.....................................................................1 CATERINA GOUVIS ROMAN AND GRETCHEN E. MOORE CHAPTER 1: Introduction..................................................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 2: Defining the Key Concepts ...........................................................................................................7 What is community justice?.............................................................................................................................................. 7 Community as an Active Partner ................................................................................................................................. 8 Problem Solving ........................................................................................................................................................ 11 Capacity Building ...................................................................................................................................................... 11 Community-Level Outcomes..................................................................................................................................... 14 Restorative Justice Orientation .................................................................................................................................. 14 What is community? ....................................................................................................................................................... 15 What is a community organization?................................................................................................................................ 17 What is a partnership?..................................................................................................................................................... 18 Who are the stakeholders? .............................................................................................................................................. 18 Summary......................................................................................................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER 3: Community Organizations Within the Community Field............................................................20 The Community Justice process and outcomes............................................................................................................... 20 The Role of Organizations .............................................................................................................................................. 21 Organizations and Theory............................................................................................................................................... 22 Levels of Organizations............................................................................................................................................. 23 Types of Community Organizations.......................................................................................................................... 24 Institution-Based Organizations ........................................................................................................................... 25 Issued-Based Organizations ................................................................................................................................. 25 Membership-Based Organizations........................................................................................................................ 26 Sample Classification of Organizational Placement .................................................................................................. 27 The Community Field ..................................................................................................................................................... 28 The Community Context ........................................................................................................................................... 31 Summary......................................................................................................................................................................... 31 CHAPTER 4: Community Organizations as Partners .......................................................................................32 Leadership....................................................................................................................................................................... 33 Defining Leadership Styles and Skills....................................................................................................................... 34 Transformational Leadership................................................................................................................................ 34 Leadership as a Process........................................................................................................................................ 35 Quantifying Leadership ............................................................................................................................................. 38 Resources........................................................................................................................................................................ 40 Human Resources...................................................................................................................................................... 42 Financial resources .................................................................................................................................................... 43 Technological resources ............................................................................................................................................ 43 Quantifying Resources............................................................................................................................................... 44 Organizational Orientation towards traditional power holders........................................................................................ 44 Quantifying Orientation............................................................................................................................................. 46 Other Organizational Characteristics .............................................................................................................................. 47 Formality of Structure................................................................................................................................................ 47 Organizational Mission.............................................................................................................................................. 48 Outreach and Pre-existing Networks ......................................................................................................................... 49 Products and Services................................................................................................................................................ 50 Summary......................................................................................................................................................................... 51 URBAN INSTITUTE The views expressed are those of the authors, and should