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Ml 48106 18 BEDFORD ROW. LONDON WCIR 4EJ. ENGLAND 8019123 El u s, Ric h a r d Stewart SANTA CRUZ: AUTHORITY AND COMMUNITY RESPONSE IN THE HISTORY OF A NEW MEXICO TOWN TheUniversity o f Oklahoma PH.D. 1980 University Microfilms InternetiO nel 300 N. Zeeb Roat Ann Aibor, MI 48106 18 Bedford Row, London WCIR 4EJ, England THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE SANTA CRUZ: AUTHORITY AND COMMUNITY RESPONSE IN THE HISTORY OF A NEW MEXICO TOWN A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY R. STEWART ELLIS Norman, Oklahoma 1980 SANTA CRUZ; AUTHORITY AND COMMUNITY RESPONSE IN THE HISTORY OF A NEW MEXICO TOWN APPROVED BY LJ. U ? '/ÂCÂ DISSERTATION COMMITTEE table of contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................... V MAP................................................................... vii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ......................................... 1 Latin Political Style in America and Europe. .... 3 Regional Dependence and World Political Economy. 6 Power and Interpersonal Relationships.............. 9 New Mexico and the World Capitalist S y s t e m .......... 14 The Study of Santa Cruz............................... 16 CHAPTER II. SETTING.......................... 19 Water, Land and Climate............................... 19 Native New Mexicans................................... 24 Conquest, Colonization, and Reconquest ............ 26 The Establishment of Santa Cruz....................... 31 Spanish Expansion..................................... 35 A Century of Change................................... 41 The Modern Settlement of Santa Cruz................... 44 CHAPTER III. CHURCH .................................. 53 Spanish Church and State in Santa C r u z ............... 54 The Church and Mexico. ...... ................ 66 Americans, Catholicism and Protestantism ...... 69 Local Belief and Practice in Past Times...............73 Religious Choice ................................... 85 Locality and Ritual in Modern T i m e s . .......... 88 CHAPTER IV. EDUCATION................................................93 Socialization in Past Times. ............ 94 The Establishment of Schools under Spain and Mexico . ............... ........... 99 Public and Church Schools in American New Mexico until 1940................ 103 Church-State Educational Coalition and the Community Interest ................ 109 Present-day Schools. ................ Ill Mass M e d i a .......................................... 119 The Politics of Education in the Espanola Valley . 122 111 CHAPTER V. LIVELIHOOD............................................. 128 Traditional Subsistence on the Periphery of the World Economy. .......... 129 Economic Consequences of Anglo Penetration..........136 Regional and Local Effects of the World Depression.......... « . 145 Economic Modernization and Increased Dependence on the Public Sector .................. 153 CHAPTER VI. POWER, PATRONAGE, AND PRESTIGE........................ 162 Formal Spanish Government . ................. ..162 Mexican Government in New Mexico.................... 168 United States Conquest and Politics in Territorial New Mexico. ...... ............ 172 From Statehood to a Democratic Majority............ 176 Party and Faction in the Modern Espanola Valley............................................. 180 Patronage and Personal Relationships................ 187 Prestige. ............................. 193 CHAPTER VII. SUMMARY AND COMPARISONS...............................197 Summary .......... 197 The Church. ................................... 201 Education ..... ...... 204 Livelihood. .......................... 207 Power, Politics, and Patronage.................... 211 Comparisons ........ ....................... 215 The Nature of the Patron. ............ 216 Community Survival. .... ..................... 219 EPILOGUE............................................................... 222 REFERENCES CITED.......................................................225 IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS As is true for any anthropological research, I have incurred numer­ ous debts in carrying out this study. Since this work has both historic and ethnographic components, the debt stretches over almost three cen­ turies beginning in 1695. first debt is to the settlers of Santa Cruz and their descendents and followers; they provide the basic story. Without the priests, officials, travelers, and official visitors, how­ ever, very little of the story would have been told. Any who wish to understand the society and history of New Mexico also owe their gratitude to the people who have done the basic discover­ ing, cataloguing, translating, and analyzing of the documents. Dr. Myra Ellen Jenkins and her staff at the State Records Center in Santa Fe have done an admirable job of making the past available to the present, both in their stewardship of the original records and in their rich and enthusiastic experience of the records. Supervisors and clerks of local, state and federal agencies and departments also were very helpful. I would particularly like to thank Evelyn Ely, librarian at the Laboratory of Anthropology in Santa Fe during the early 1970s, who granted me a great deal of leeway to remove the Soil Conservation Service reports of the 1930s from the library, disassemble them, and copy them. The people among whom I lived while in Santa Cruz during the summer of 1969, part of summer, 1970, and in Santa Cruz and Santa Fe from February, 1972, through August, 1973, provided the most important documentation of the present, of their daily lives and life experiences. I feel particularly obliged to my professors and colleagues, to whom the debt is both personal and intellectual. Joseph W. Whitecotton took me, my eyes wide with the diversity of anthropology, and showed me the intellectual excitement and critical insight that could be achieved in the study of Latin Catholic cultures in a way that related to the whole of anthropology and history. William E. Bittle, Morris E. Opler, Stephen I. Thompson, and Marilyn Affleck all contributed in their own ways to my formation as a social scientist. Robert E. Toumier, my department chairman since 1974, has been a true colleague. All of the above mentioned teachers and colleagues have read all or parts of the manuscript and have offered constructive criticism, particularly of stylistic matters, which has greatly improved some parts. Some criticism has been ignored. All errors of style and fact are my own. I would like to thank Terry Prewitt for drawing the map and Papers in Anthropology for allowing me to use it. To my family I owe the final debt. My parents, Lyn H. Dean and Dr. Richard A. Ellis instilled an avaricious intellectual curiosity, and paid for my education and field research. My wife Kathryn and my sons, Darin and Shawn, accompanied me in the field and in the time since have demonstrated the proper forebearance and curiosity with what I was doing. VI Colorado COLFAX Caftones ^Cruz |^Ti;ucha> rCordova y^rrrrK^////z^Sonto Fe Los Vegas F E ALBUQUERQUE: -County Lines National North-Central New Mexico Forests CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION An unsigned article appearing in the New Mexico Review and Legislative Journal for June, 1969 divided New Mexicans into three types, the "Good Ole Boys," "Los Primos," and the "Suburbanites," corresponding to three regions, the Southeast (or Little Texas), the North, and Albuquerque. Although the author conceded that he was glossing over some other groups within the state (most notably the Native Americans), he nonetheless felt