UNIVERSITY D-OTTAWA -- ECOLE DES GRADUES TYPES OF PLANS OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS IN BOHEMIA AND MORA VIA-SILESIA : A STUDY IN HUMAN GEOGRAPHY by Georgina (Jirina) Mizerovsky Thesis presented to the Institute of Geography of the University of Ottawa as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Ottawa^ ©rrtario, 1963 UNIVERSITY OF OTlftWW^^geHOOI. OF GRADUATE STUDIES .Oftaviensis UMI Number: EC55790 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI® UMI Microform EC55790 Copyright 2011 by ProQuest LLC All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 UNIVERSITE D-OTTAWA ~ ECOLE DES GRADUES ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Considerable help has been received in the preparation of this thesis. Special acknowledgment and appreciation are due to Dr. Bogdan Zaborski, Director of the Institute of Geography, who, as thesis director, helped in formulating the initial plans for the pro|ect and gave valuable assistance and encouragement throughout. Thanks are due to Mr. W. C. Meyer, of the Library of the Geographical Branch, Department of Mines and Technical Surveys, for his courteous help in making a number of sources available for this study. The writer wishes to thank K. Bencik, M. Bernard and J. Hurda who helped with the drafting of maps. Finally, wholehearted gratitude is extended to my family and good friends for their help and encouragement during the writing of this study. UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA ~ SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE D"OTTAWA ~ ECOLE DES GRADUES CURRICULUM STUDIORUM Georgina (Jifina) Mizerovsky, (n£e Frantikova) received the Bachelor of Arts degree from Masaryk University, Brno, Czechoslovakia in 1939» majoring in Geography and History. In 1945 she successfully completed the Second State Examination in Geography and History, equivalent to the Master of Arts degree, at the same university. The title of her thesis was Zemepisny nastin Zlinska (A Geographical Appreciation of the District of Zlin). UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA - SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE D-OTTAWA - ECOLE DES GRADUES TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Pag< INTRODUCTION . ix I. - METHODICAL APPROACH 1 1. Area of Study 1 2. Importance of the Problem and the Significance of the Typology of Rural Settlements 2 3. History of the Study of the Problem 4 4. Aim of the Study 15 5. Methods and Material Used 15 II. - PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS IN THE STUDY AREA.. 18 1. Geological Structure and Geomorphology 18 2. Orography 23 3. Hydrography 31 4. Climate 33 5. Soil Types 3 6 6. Vegetation Cover in Historical Development 38 7. Ethnic History and Migrations in the Study Area 45 8. German Colonization 51 III. - ANALYSIS OF THE TYPES OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION IN THE STUDY AREA 57 1. Basis for the Analysis 57 2. Types of Rural Settlements Studied 58 3. Castles and Fortress Castles in Bohemia and Moravia-Silesia 100 IV. - MAPS REPRESENTING THE TYPES AND DISTRIBUTION OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS 104 1. Maps of Rural Settlements in Europe 104 2. Maps of Rural Settlements in Czechoslovakia 110 3. Map of Bohemia and Moravia-Silesia Showing the Distribution of the Types of Rural Settlements 113 V. -INFLUENCE OF GEOGRAPHICAL AND SOCIAL FACTORS ON THE RURAL SETTLEMENTS 122 1. Influence of Geographical Factors on Rural Settlements 122 2. Influence of Social Factors on Rural Settlements 127 3. Growth and Changes of Rural Settlements 137 4. Urbanization and Industrialization of Czech Lands 139 5. Recent Political Events and Their Effect on Rural Settlements in Bohemia and Moravia-Silesia 144 6. Joint Influence of Geographical and Social Factors on Rural Settlements 148 UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA ~ SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE D-OTTAWA - ECOLE DES GRADUES TABLE OF CONTENTS v SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 150 BIBLIOGRAPHY 153 ABSTRACT ... 158 UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA _ SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE D'OTTAWA - ECOLE DES GRADUES LIST OF TABLES Table page I. - Percentage of Rainfall according to Season 35 II. - Representation of Coniferous Species in the Forests of Bohemia and Moravia-Silesia 44 III. - Representation of Deciduous Species in the Forests of Bohemia and Moravia-Silesia 44 IV. - Individual Size Groups of Agricultural Establishments in Czechoslovakia in 1930 ....... 99 UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA - SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE D'OTTAWA - ECOLE DES GRADUES LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 1. - Blockflur (pluzina lisekova) 13a 2. - Blockgewannflur (pluzina nepravci trafova) ....... 13b 3. - Gewannflur (pluzina trafova.) 13c 4. - Waldhufenflur (pluzina zahumenicova) 13d UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA ~ SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE D'OTTAWA ~ ECOLE DES GRADUES LIST OF MAPS following Map Pa8' 1. - Map of Bohemia and Moravia-Silesia showing the Distribution of the Types of Rural Settlements . in pocket 2. - Bohemia and Moravia-Silesia. Index Map of Area Studied « 17 3. - Bohemia and Moravia-Silesia. Structure - generalized • 18 4. - Bohemia and Moravia-Silesia. Physical Map 23 5. - Bohemia and Moravia-Silesia. Soil Map 36 6. - Bohemia and Moravia-Silesia. Areas of Prehistoric Settlements (4-3 Mil. B.C.) 39 7. - Bohemia and Mora via-Silesia. Areas of Prehistoric Settlements (around 2000 B.C.) .... 39 8. - Bohemia and Moravia-Silesia. Areas of Prehistoric Settlements (around 1500 B.C.) ... 39 9. - Bohemia and Moravia-Silesia. Areas of Prehistoric Settlements (about 800 B.C.) 40 10. - Bohemia and Moravia-Silesia. Areas of Prehistoric Settlements (about 600-500 B.C.) . 40 11. - Bohemia and Moravia-Silesia. Areas Settled by Slavs (around 600 A.D.) 40 12. - Bohemia and Moravia-Silesia. Land Use in the Early Middle Ages 41 13. - Bohemia and Moravia-Silesia. Areas of Old Settlements as recognized by Laznicka ...... 115 14. - Bohemia and Moravia-Silesia. Synthetic Map of the Types of Rural Settlements 121 UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA ~ SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE D'OTTAWA ~ ECOLE DES GRADUES INTRODUCTION As a fixed and localized unit, a settlement is primarily a geo­ graphical phenomenon. Consequently, types of settlements have an enor­ mous importance in the general evaluation of a cultural region. Towns, villages, hamlets, or isolated farmsteads, all leave a special imprint on any landscape. Cultivated fields of a settled countryside are marks of systematic human activity reflecting the number, proximity and per­ manence of human establishments. The latter can be divided into two main categories - urban and rural settlements. This study is concerned with the distribution of the types of rural settlements which characterize extensive areas of the cultural regions in Bohemia and Moravia-Silesia, and the neighbouring countries. Existing Literature concerning the development of settlement types and their distribution in the Czech lands is not extensive. Neither were all sources available for this study. Therefore, the research was conducted on the basis of a detailed, settlement by settlement analysis of the maps covering the territory. In order to obtain a better understanding of the development of rural settlements, a brief review of physical characteristics and histori cal events in Bohemian lands is presented. Special attention is given to the complex ethnic history of the area and to the changes in the natural vegetation cover in Bohemia and Moravia-Silesia, on which the human activity and particularly that of the grazer and agriculturalist made its early impression. The text is illustrated by several maps attached to the study. UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA ~ SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE D'OTTAWA ~ ECOLE DES GRADUES INTRODUCTION x A detailed analysis follows of the types of rural settlements on the territory of Czech lands and adjacent areas of the neighbouring terri- tories. The ground plan of the villages, the system of field division and the processes of history are considered. Seventeen various types of rural settlements are distinguished and their regional distribution dis­ cussed. Further, the different maps of rural settlements in Europe and Czechoslovakia are critically reviewed. Methods and materials used for the map of rural settlement types in Bohemia and Moravia-Silesia are described (Map 1). Comparison of the distribution of rural settle­ ments with the existing maps of the neighbouring territories is included. Finally, this study discusses the relationship between physio­ graphic and human factors and their joint influence on the evolution of rural settlements. It also outlines the changes which affected the types of villages during the urbanization, industrialization and land reforms in Bohemia and Moravia-Silesia. UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA - SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE ffOTTAWA ~ ECOLE PES GRADUES CHAPTER I METHODICA L APPROACH This chapter describes the geographical location of the area studied, and discusses the methodical approach used in analysing the dis­ tribution of the various rural settlement types. The history of previous research into the problem is outlined, and a review of the literature on the subject given. Finally, the