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A Compendium of Sexual Assault Research Margaret C. Harrell, Laura Werber Castaneda with Marisa Adelson, Sarah Gaillot, Charlotte Lynch, Amanda Pomeroy Prepared for the Office of the Secretary of Defense Approved for public release; distribution unlimited NATIONAL DEFENSE RESEARCH INSTITUTE The research described in this report was prepared for the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD). The research was conducted in the RAND National Defense Research Institute, a federally funded research and development center sponsored by the OSD, the Joint Staff, the Unified Combatant Commands, the Department of the Navy, the Marine Corps, the defense agencies, and the defense Intelligence Community under Contract W74V8H- 06-C-0002. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. 978-0-8330-4792-2 The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research organization providing objective analysis and effective solutions that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors around the world. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. R® is a registered trademark. © Copyright 2009 RAND Corporation Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Copies may not be duplicated for commercial purposes. Unauthorized posting of RAND documents to a non-RAND Web site is prohibited. RAND documents are protected under copyright law. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit the RAND permissions page (http://www.rand.org/publications/ permissions.html). Published 2009 by the RAND Corporation 1776 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138 1200 South Hayes Street, Arlington, VA 22202-5050 4570 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2665 RAND URL: http://www.rand.org To order RAND documents or to obtain additional information, contact Distribution Services: Telephone: (310) 451-7002; Fax: (310) 451-6915; Email: [email protected] Preface Sexual assault may be the largest unreported violent crime in the United States (Karjane, Fisher, and Cullen, 2002). Over the last two decades, public interest and concern regarding sexual assault have grown considerably, with special attention paid to sexual assault on univer- sity campuses and within the military. The large volume of research conducted during these decades has contributed to an enhanced understanding of the problem, including an evolving definition of sexual assault and the recognition of acquaintance rape as a type of rape. This compendium provides a guide and introduction to the more recent research that the authors deem relevant and useful to our research sponsor and other policymakers interested in sexual assault issues. This report does not provide an exhaustive description of each of the included works, nor does it assess their quality; instead, it is intended as a compilation of the available research, with an emphasis on findings we deem to be most useful and relevant to sexual assault policymakers. We describe selected research that addresses different aspects of sexual assault, including victim and perpetrator risk factors, the role of alcohol consumption, contextual issues and prevention programs, disclosure of the assault, victim coping and recov- ery issues, health care programs, victim advocacy programs, and issues related to investigative and legal processes. In the main body of this report, we provide a brief summary of the find- ings of these works; in the annotated bibliography, we provided a more detailed summary for each publication. Again, this document is not intended as a critical review of this research; instead, this resource is intended as a consolidation of available research to facilitate further investigation. This report should be of interest to policymakers and laypeople who are inter- ested in the lessons to be learned from academic research of sexual assault, as well as to the analytic community that studies this topic. This research was sponsored by the Office of the Secretary of Defense and conducted within the Forces and Resources Policy Center of the RAND National Defense Research Institute, a federally funded research and development center sponsored by the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Staff, the Unified Combatant Commands, the Department of the Navy, the Marine Corps, the defense agencies, and the defense Intelligence Community. The principal investigators are Margaret Harrell and Laura Castaneda. Comments are wel- come and may be addressed to [email protected] or [email protected]. For more information on RAND’s Forces and Resources Policy Center, contact the Director, James Hosek. He can be reached by email at [email protected]; by phone at 310-393-0411, extension 7183; or by mail at the RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, California 90407-2138. More information about RAND is available at www.rand.org. iii Contents Preface ........................................................................................................... iii Tables ............................................................................................................vii Summary ........................................................................................................ ix Abbreviations ..................................................................................................xiii SECTION 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 The Effect of Sexual Assault .................................................................................... 1 Measuring Sexual Assault ....................................................................................... 2 Overview of Historical and Legal Milestones ................................................................ 4 Scope of This Compendium .................................................................................... 5 Goals and Parameters ......................................................................................... 5 Organization of Discussion ................................................................................... 6 Summary Tables ............................................................................................... 6 Annotated Bibliography ....................................................................................... 7 Compendium Limitations and Reader Guidelines for Assessing Publications ......................... 7 SECTION 2 Victim Risk Factors ...........................................................................................11 SECTION 3 Perpetrator Risk Factors ......................................................................................25 SECTION 4 Alcohol ...........................................................................................................37 SECTION 5 Context and Prevention of Sexual Assault ................................................................47 SECTION 6 Recovery and Coping .........................................................................................63 SECTION 7 Sexual Assault Disclosure ....................................................................................75 SECTION 8 Health Care Programs and Services........................................................................89 v vi A Compendium of Sexual Assault Research SECTION 9 Victim Advocacy Programs and Services ................................................................. 99 SECTION 10 Investigative