Text, Grammar, and Worlds Towards a narrative typology of Quechua folk tales Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophie an der Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München vorgelegt von Yan Peng aus Hunan, China 2020 Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Schulze Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Roland Schmidt-Riese Tag der Mündlichen Prüfung: 25.11.2019 For my families in China and Germany and my beloved husband In memory of my mentor and a brilliant linguist Professor Wolfgang Schulze Table of Contents I. List of Tables ......................................................................................................... iv II. List of Figures ........................................................................................................ vi III. Glossing abbreviations ......................................................................................... viii IV. Zusammenfassung .................................................................................................. ix 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Goal and organization of the study ......................................................................... 1 1.2 The Quechuan language family .............................................................................. 2 1.3 The study of Quechua narrative .............................................................................. 4 2 A typological outline of Cuzco Quechua ................................................................ 6 2.1 Phonology ............................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Word structure and word classes ............................................................................ 7 2.3 Noun phrase ............................................................................................................ 9 2.3.1 Cases ............................................................................................................ 10 2.3.2 Pronouns and demonstratives ...................................................................... 14 2.3.2.1 Pronouns ................................................................................... 14 2.3.2.2 Demonstratives ......................................................................... 16 2.3.3 Possessive constructions and their semantic extensions ............................. 18 2.4 Verb phrase ........................................................................................................... 20 2.4.1 Transitivity and verb valency ...................................................................... 20 2.4.2 Directional, aspectual, and adverbial meanings in verbal morphology ....... 21 2.4.3 Tense, aspect, mood, and evidentiality ........................................................ 25 2.4.3.1 Tense-aspect system ................................................................. 25 2.4.3.2 Modality .................................................................................... 27 2.4.3.3 Evidential clitics and the non-experienced past tense .............. 29 2.5 Grammatical relations ........................................................................................... 34 2.6 Clause linking ....................................................................................................... 36 2.6.1 Linking types without nominalization ......................................................... 36 2.6.2 Subordinate clauses ..................................................................................... 38 3 Quechua narrative in the light of folk tale studies ................................................ 43 3.1 Theories and methods in folk tale studies ............................................................. 43 3.1.1 Definition and characteristics of folk tales .................................................. 43 3.1.2 The genre complex ...................................................................................... 45 3.1.3 Types and motifs ......................................................................................... 46 3.1.4 Theories of origin and diffusion .................................................................. 48 3.1.5 Narration and narrators ................................................................................ 50 3.2 An overview of the Andean oral tradition ............................................................ 53 3.2.1 Narrative genres in Quechua ....................................................................... 53 3.2.2 Andean mythical themes and concepts ........................................................ 56 3.3 Corpus analysis ..................................................................................................... 58 3.3.1 The origin and narrative context of the texts ............................................... 58 3.3.2 Themes and concepts in the stories ............................................................. 63 3.3.2.1 Time and space ......................................................................... 63 3.3.2.2 Duality ...................................................................................... 65 3.3.2.3 Magical and cultural objects ..................................................... 67 3.3.2.4 A discussion on the origin of the themes .................................. 68 i 3.3.3 A Proppian function-based analysis ............................................................ 70 3.3.3.1 Thematic structure based on ‘functions’ in Quechua narrative 71 3.3.3.2 Dramatis personae in Quechua narrative .................................. 75 4 Theoretical framework of a narrative typology .................................................... 79 4.1 Cognitive approaches and theories of ‘text worlds’ .............................................. 79 4.2 Narratological theories .......................................................................................... 81 4.3 Theories of discourse grammar and functional grammar ..................................... 83 5 A linguistic investigation of Quechua narrative ................................................... 86 5.1 Data processing ..................................................................................................... 86 5.2 General layout of the texts .................................................................................... 88 5.3 Text referents ........................................................................................................ 91 5.3.1 General features ........................................................................................... 91 5.3.1.1 Referential density .................................................................... 91 5.3.1.2 Grammatical relations ............................................................... 93 5.3.1.3 Semantic categorization ............................................................ 96 5.3.2 Agonists ....................................................................................................... 98 5.3.2.1 Lexical coding of the agonists .................................................. 98 5.3.2.2 Lexical designation in discourse context ................................ 104 5.3.2.3 The introduction of agonists ................................................... 106 5.3.2.4 Referential distance and coding devices ................................. 108 5.3.2.5 Lexical coding of topical referents ......................................... 115 5.3.3 Summary .................................................................................................... 119 5.4 Space ................................................................................................................... 121 5.4.1 Lexical coding of spatial referents............................................................. 121 5.4.2 Semantic and grammatical categorization of spatial reference ................. 122 5.4.3 Narrative space .......................................................................................... 125 5.4.3.1 ‘Cognitive map’ as an analytic tool ........................................ 125 5.4.3.2 Design of cognitive maps and spatial cues ............................. 126 5.4.3.3 Narrative space in Quechua .................................................... 129 5.4.4 Summary .................................................................................................... 133 5.5 Events .................................................................................................................. 134 5.5.1 Lexical coding of events ............................................................................ 134 5.5.2 Event structure ........................................................................................... 138 5.5.2.1 Event types in non-dialogic parts of the narratives ................ 138 5.5.2.2 Events in direct speech ........................................................... 142 5.5.2.3 Event types and locative constructions ................................... 145 5.5.3 Summary .................................................................................................... 150 5.6 Time .................................................................................................................... 151 5.6.1 Lexical coding of time ............................................................................... 151 5.6.2 Grammatical time .....................................................................................