Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego we Wroc³awiu SCIENCE IN SWIMMING II Edited by Krystyna Zatoñ and Marcin Jaszczak Wroc³aw 2008 EDITORIAL BOARD Tadeusz Bober (Editor-in-chief), Bogus³awa Idzik (Secretary), Gabriel £asiñski, Alicja Rutkowska-Kucharska, Jan Szczegielniak, Edward Wlaz³o, Zdzis³awa Wrzosek, Marek Zatoñ REVIEWERS Ewa Dybiñska, Marek Zatoñ PROOFREADING Zofia Prele Stanis³awa Trela COVER DESIGN Marek Rejman Anna Miecznikowska TYPESETTING Anna Miecznikowska Publication subsidised by Marshal Office of Lower Silesia. © Copyright by Wydawnictwo AWF Wroc³aw, 2008 ISBN 978-83-89156-78-5 Wydawnictwo Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego we Wroc³awiu 51-684 Wroc³aw, ul. Adama Mickiewicza 98 [email protected] Edition I. Print: Sowa – Druk na ¯¹danie CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 5 PART ONE SWIMMING EDUCATION Agnieszka Jastrzêbska and Bartosz Ochmann Differences in Level of Kinaesthetic Sense Between Swimmers and Non-Swimmers .... 9 Andrzej Klarowicz, Krystyna Zatoñ and Piotr Albiñski Differences in Conscious Reception of Stimuli from Water Environment in School Children ......................................................................................................... 16 Alicja Stachura, £ucja P³atek and Micha³ Skóra The Effectiveness of the Process of Learning Swimming Skills in 7-year-old Children .................................................................................................... 23 Zbynek Svozil and Filip Neuls Construction and Verification of Progressive Educational Strategies in Swimming Instruction ................................................................................................ 32 Wojciech Wiesner Swimming Education – the Area of Interest and Methodological Basis ........................ 41 PART TWO SWIMMING TECHNIQUE Grzegorz Bielec, Piotr Makar and Patryk Foliñski Biomechanical Effects of Application of the Technique Exercises in Young Swimmer Training .......................................................................................... 51 Marcin Jaszczak Stability during Mirror and Translational Symmetry Movements ................................. 60 Katarzyna Kucia-Czyszczoñ and Ewa Dybiñska Co-ordination Abilities and Sports Result of 11–12-year-old Swimmers ...................... 69 Krystyna Zatoñ and Danuta Jagie³³o Method of Assessing Progress in the Process of Teaching the Swimming Technique......... 79 PART THREE PERIODIZATION OF TRAINING PROGRAM Piotr Filipczuk An Analysis of Chosen Training Load Parameters and the Athletic Performance of Twelve-year-old Swimmers ........................................ 87 Jernej Kapus, Anton Ušaj, Venceslav Kapus and Boro Štrumbelj Some Metabolic Responses to Reduced Breathing Frequency during Exercise ............ 96 Patrick Pelayo, Morgan Alberty, Michel Sidney, François Potdevin and Jeanne Dekerle Critical and Maximal Lactate Steady State Speeds, and Stroke Parameters in Swimming Front Crawl Performance .................................. 103 Marcin Siewierski Periodization of Training and the Choice Training Loads for Events of the High Class Swimmers........................................................................114 Vassilios Thanopoulos, Penelopi Liapaki and Gregory Bogdanis Influence of Swimming Pool Length on the Determination of Critical Velocity in Young Male and Female Freestyle Swimmers .......................... 122 Krystyna Zatoñ Relationship between the Swimming Speed and the Work Performed on the Swim Ergometer ........................................................ 129 PART FOUR EXTERNAL FACTORS ASSISTING IN TRAINING PROGRAM Magdalena Chrobot and Anna Kwaœna Factors Deciding about Choosing Early School Sport Specialisation in Swimming ... 139 Masumeh Shahbazi, Ali Asghar Doroudian and Heydar Sadeghi Effect of the Fast-Skin Swimsuit on Iranian Elite Swimmers’ Performance ................ 145 Stanis³aw Sterkowicz and Ewa Dybiñska Motivation of Young Swimmers of Both Sexes ........................................................... 154 Peter Weinberg Moving the Body to Swim ........................................................................................... 161 PART FIVE WATER SPORTS AND HISTORY OF SWIMMING Guillaume Gouvernet, Charlie Barla, Laurent Baly, Laurent Grélot and Eric Berton Fin Rib Influence on Mechanical Parameters .............................................................. 171 Theodoros Platanou The Effectiveness of Time-out for Feedback in Water Polo Game with ‘Extra Man’ .......................................................................................................... 177 £ucja P³atek, Alicja Stachura and Micha³ Skóra Comparative Assessment of Sports Level in Junior Women Swimming in Poland and Germany in 2004 and 2007 ................................................................... 183 Marek Rejman and Bartosz Ochmann Modelling Leg Movements and Monofin Strain Towards Increasing Swimming Velocity (Preliminary Attempt) ................................................ 190 Marek Rejman, Adam Fr¹ckiewicz Overload of the Ankle Joints during Mono-Fin Swimming – Mechanism and Diagnosis ........................................................................................ 196 4 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Meaning of water for a human organism cannot be overestimated. Swimming in water is connected with different environment and thus the necessity of performing different movements in it. We usually swim in water of temperature lower than the body temperature; this prevents getting a common cold and hardens the organism. Water has exceptionally beneficial influence over the condition of respiratory system. The special way of breathing in water, called the ‘swimming breath’, increases the force of respiratory muscles and enlarges lungs breathing capacity as compared to the body surface area. The position most frequently taken while swimming is hori- zontal position. In connection with almost total elimination of the gravitational force influence and reduction of the hydrostatic pressure influence, it provides the optimum conditions of even blood supply to all tissues. Cyclical movements performed while swimming result in overcoming water resistance with individual frequency and this allows for improving the muscle force of the swimmer. Strength exercises of this type are particularly recommended for children and people requiring body compensation. Water and movement in water offer even further benefits positively affecting the widely understood human health. Only the major ones are presented here. At the same time, we do not even mention the utilitarian aspects of the swimming skill constituting a separate, extremely large area of knowledge. For these reasons, numerous research programmes are conducted worldwide, of results which document the importance of activity in water, irrespective if it is under- taken for recreation, health, rehabilitation or sport reasons. Researchers working in this field exchange their views at numerous seminars, conferences and congresses. Also, plentiful popular science and science works and studies on this subject are published all over the world. All the same, ordering and describing knowledge on swimming still requires extensive work. Thus, it seems that meetings of researchers studying various areas of swimming, held cyclically in Wroc³aw, may to some extent supplement the knowledge on the subject. A monograph Science in Swimming II continues presentation of interesting results of research projects conducted in various research centres all over the world. Since our last meeting, new research concepts have appeared; more modern methods and measuring instruments have been applied and new conclusions have been drawn based upon it. These conclusions will undoubtedly enrich knowledge and in many cases will become useful for all those dealing with implementing them in practice. The monograph contains issues related to the Swimming Education. In this area, it is worth paying attention to the innovative educational concepts connected with kinaesthetic differentiation, kinaesthetic sensitivity, swimming education of seven-year-olds or teaching effectiveness as a result of applying trademark teaching programme in the form of instruction. The next chapter – Swimming Technique – performs biomechanical analysis of young swimmers’ technique as a result of training in water, studies the influence of the movement form on movement stability, the interconnection between the co-ordination abilities and the sports results of 11–12 years old swimmers and presents objective (mathematic) methods of assessing learning progress and improvement of the swim- ming technique. Further research results are presented in the chapter about the issues connected with Swimming Training. It presents some interesting solutions, having influence, (as empirically documented), on the effectiveness of training. In this chapter it is worth paying attention to works on analysing selection of training exercise and re- sults of 12-year-old swimmers, metabolic reaction to reducing breathing frequency during effort making, stabilization of lactate concentration while swimming with criti- cal and maximum speed and frequencies of movement cycles, cyclical nature and selection of training exercises in preparing great class swimmers for competition, the relationship between the swimming pool length and assessment of critical speed of young swimmers in freestyle and finally the relationship between