Regional Report Sustainable Mountain Development in the Alps From Rio 1992 to Rio 2012 and beyond 2012 From Rio 1992 to 2012 and beyond: 20 years of Sustainable Mountain Development What have we learnt and where should we go? The Alps Martin F. Price, Diana Borowski, Calum Macleod Centre for Mountain Studies Perth College University of the Highlands and Islands UK Gilles Rudaz, Bernard Debarbieux Department of Geography and Environment University of Geneva Switzerland November 2011 This report has been commissioned by the Swiss Federal Office for Spatial Development (ARE) in the context of the Swiss Presidency of the Alpine Convention Table of contents Part 1. Setting the stage 3 1.1. Introduction 3 1.2. Key characteristics 4 1.2.1. Demography 4 1.2.2. Services and quality of life 6 1.2.3. Economic sectors and employment 7 1.2.4. Transport and accessibility 9 1.2.5. Water and energy production 11 1.2.6. Land covers and uses 13 1.2.7. Biodiversity and instruments for conservation 16 1.3. Key issues for development and driving forces of change 18 1.4. Contributions of the Alps in providing goods and services at the European scale 19 Part 2. Evaluating progress with sustainable mountain development in the Alps 21 2.1. Actors at different scales 21 2.1.1. Alpine level 22 2.1.2. National level 23 2.1.3. Inter-regional cooperation 24 2.1.4. Sub-national and local level 25 2.1.5. “Alps plus”: the level of the Alpine Space Programme 25 2.2. Evaluation of initiatives 27 2.2.1. Alpine Space Programme 27 2.2.2. Alpine level 32 2.2.3. Inter-regional initiatives 38 2.2.4. National initiatives 39 2.2.5. Sub-national initiatives 40 2.2.6. Conclusions 41 Part 3. Emerging challenges and opportunities 43 3.1. Trends, challenges, and opportunities for sustainable mountain development in the Alps 43 3.1.1. Polarization and the increase of spatial contrasts 43 3.1.2. Migration and social cohesion 45 3.1.3. Macro-geographical contexts 45 3.2. Means to address trends/challenges and harness opportunities 46 3.2.1. Planned initiatives, and actions, and necessary resources 46 3.2.2. Approaches that seem most promising to support and promote sustainable mountain development 51 3.2.3. Necessary changes in institutional frameworks and governance mechanisms 53 3.2.4. Necessary increases in stakeholder involvement and partnerships 54 3.3. Specific actions needed to contribute to the Rio+20 priorities in the Alps 55 3.3.1. Policy measures to promote a shift towards a green economy 55 3.3.2. New institutional/governance arrangements to promote sustainable mountain development 56 Process 58 References 58 Annex 1: Initiatives in the Alps 64 2 Part 1: Setting the stage 1.1. Introduction Of all the world’s mountain ranges, the Alps are unique in one particular regard: their outer perimeter is specifically defined by an international treaty, which is based on key principles of sustainable development. In 1991, most of the Alpine States adopted the Convention on the Protection of the Alps (usually known as the Alpine Convention); by 1995, all the signatories – Austria, the European Community, France, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Slovenia and Switzerland – had ratified it. Article 1 of the Convention begins by defining the Alps according to a map which is annexed to the Convention (Figure 1). Notably, this map includes the Principality of Monaco, but not a corridor to its north which includes major transport infrastructure. This shows the importance of political processes in defining mountain regions and, as discussed below and in Part 3, of transport and accessibility through and around the Alps as a key issue for the Alps’, and Europe’s, sustainable development. Figure 1: The Alps, as defined for the Alpine Convention A second way in which the Alps are unique is that they have been investigated for longer, and in more detail – and thus have a greater availability of data, information, and research studies – than any other mountain range. Both Chapter 13.on ‘Sustainable Mountain development’ of ‘Agenda 21’ in 1992, and the Alpine Convention (particularly articles 3 and 4) have favoured research and research cooperation in the Alps. Subsequently, interdisciplinary topics as natural risks and hazards, climate change, water scarcity, land use and landscape change, and shifts in transport systems have been addressed in the European Commission’s Framework Programmes for Research and Development (5, 6 and 7) and national research programmes (such as the National Research programmes 31, 41, 48 and 61 in Switzerland and research supported by the Austrian Man and the Biosphere 3 programme). Increasingly, these programmes have incorporated social and economic scientists. Across the Alps, many research institutes specialising in mountain issues have expanded (e.g., in Berne, Davos, Grenoble, Innsbruck, Zurich) and new institutes have emerged (e.g., in Obergurgl, Austria, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany; Bolzano, Eddolo, and Monte Biondone, Italy; Sion and Mendrisio, Switzerland). Thus, a large community of scientific expertise on mountain issues is available in all Alpine countries. To bring together these scientists from a wide range of disciplines and to foster pan-Alpine research cooperation, networks have been established at different scales, including the Rete Montagna (Italy- Austria); the International Scientific Committee on Research in the Alps (ISCAR), the Association of Alpine Historians; and the European element of the global Mountain Research Initiative (global). Scientific knowledge has played, and continues to play a crucial role in many of the initiatives discussed below and will be a key driver for further developing evidence-based management practices towards sustainable mountain development. In geographical terms, the Alps as defined for the Alpine Convention have an area of 190,568 km², extending more than 1,000 km from east to west and, at the widest, almost 300 km north to south. The highest peak is Mont Blanc (4,810 m), on the French/Italian border. The total population of the Alps is about 14 million people, giving an average population density of 73 inhabitants/km². However, if one takes into account the fact that only 17.3% of the Alpine area is suitable for permanent settlement, the effective population density is 414 inhabitants/km², comparable to densely populated regions in other parts of Europe (e.g., the German region of Hannover, the Italian Region of Campania). Nevertheless, the settled parts of the Alps include both major urban areas – Grenoble, France (415,000), Innsbruck, Austria (250,000), Bolzano and Trento, Italy (200,000), and Klagenfurt, Austria (150,000) – and very rural areas. Thus, as in most mountain ranges, such average values have relatively little practical meaning. The data presented in the paragraph above are drawn from an Atlas of the Alps (Tappeiner et al., 2008), which compiles data on a very large number of variables, mainly at the scale of municipalities. Overall, there is a greater availability of data, information, and research studies for the Alps than for any other mountain range in the world. At the same time, it should be noted that, though the Parties to the Alpine Convention recognised in the 1990s the key need for a System for the Observation and Information on the Alps, with harmonized data from across the range, this has not yet been fully realized. Most available data have been compiled, particularly, in the Atlas of the Alps1; other key sources for this section of the report are various reports of the Alpine Convention, particularly the three reports on the state of the Alps (on transport and mobility, water and water management, and sustainable rural development and innovation: Permanent Secretariat of the Alpine Convention, 2007, 2009, 2011a)2 and documents from the International Commission for the Protection of the Alps (CIPRA), especially the reports of the cc:Alps project3; as well as a recent report published by the European Environment Agency (2010) in which data presented for the Alps are effectively for the area defined under the Alpine Convention. 1.2. Key characteristics 1.2.1. Demography As noted above, about 14 million people live in the Alps (EEA, 2010). As censuses took place in Alpine countries in 2010 and 2011, more recent data should soon be available; however, most analyses rely on the result of the previous censuses in the early 2000s. 1 available also at http://diamont-database.eu/ 2 see www.alpconv.org 3 see www.cipra.org 4 Overall, population densities tend to be higher at lower altitudes and on more gently-sloping land. Given the topography of the Alps, this means that the municipalities with the lowest densities tend to be to the west, especially in France, but also at high-altitudes in western Italy and south-east Switzerland, while those with the highest densities are to the east in Germany, Slovenia, most of Austria, and the mid/eastern Italian Alps (Figure 2). In the 1990s, the death rate exceeded the birth rate over more than two-thirds of the Alpine area, most markedly in remote valleys and at high altitudes. Overall in the Alps, there is a high old age dependency ratio (population 65+/population 15-64) and an even higher old to young age dependency ratio (population 65+/population 0-15). In their spatial extent, these tendencies are particularly marked for the latter, with ‘young’ municipalities (over 25% below 15) generally in the North, and ‘old’ municipalities in the southern and inner Alps. Ageing is particularly evident in small municipalities and large urban centres (Tappeiner et al., 2008). Figure 2: Population density in Alpine municipalities. Source: PSAC (2009) For the Alps (as for Europe) as a whole, migration is a far more important component of population change than natural population growth (mortality is quite stationary).