DEPARTMENT OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL CALIFORNIA ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF PLATING FACILITIES MAY 2011 INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF PLATING FACILITIES PREFACE The Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC) is issuing this guidance document for immediate use on investigation and cleanup of plating facilities. The approach described herein is designed to ensure safe, protective cleanup and to maintain DTSC’s commitment to public involvement in our decision-making process. DTSC fully expects that application of this guidance to investigation and cleanup of plating facilities will identify portions of the document that can be improved upon. As the guidance is implemented, issues may be identified which warrant document revision. DTSC will continue to solicit comments from interested parties for a period of one year (ending May 30, 2012). At that time, DTSC will review and incorporate changes as needed. Comments and suggestions for improvement of Investigation and Remediation of Plating Facilities should be submitted to: Kate Burger Department of Toxic Substances Control 8800 Cal Center Drive Sacramento, California 95826 [email protected] May 2011 i INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF PLATING FACILITIES ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This document was developed by the Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC) under the direction of Mr. Stewart Black, Acting Deputy Director, Brownfields and Environmental Restoration Program. The preparation of this guidance was achieved through the efforts of many individuals. The following individuals had primary responsibility for writing: Ms. Tizita Bekele, Hazardous Substances Engineer Ms. Christine Bucklin, Senior Engineering Geologist Dr. Kate Burger, Senior Engineering Geologist Mr. Sam Martinez, Hazardous Substances Engineer Ms. Lori Parnass, Hazardous Substances Scientist Ms. Barbara Renzi, Associate Toxicologist Ms. Evelia Rodriguez, Senior Hazardous Substances Engineer Dr. Michael Schum, Staff Toxicologist Mr. Peter Wong, Research Scientist This guidance document has benefited greatly through input received from several sources, including an internal advisory group, staff who assisted with research, the DTSC Proven Technologies and Remedies Team, and reviewers of draft versions of the guidance. In particular, the authors would like to thank Alice Campbell, Robert Gipson, Lorraine Larsen-Hallock, Steve Lavinger, Janet Naito, Debbie Oudiz, Paul Pongetti, and Joseph Smith. May 2011 ii INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF PLATING FACILITIES TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Preface...................................................................................................................i Acknowledgments .................................................................................................ii Abbreviations and Acronyms................................................................................vi Executive Summary ........................................................................................... viii 1.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................1 1.1 Purpose and Objectives...................................................................2 1.2 Technical Basis for Guidance .........................................................3 1.2.1 Soil and Soil Vapor................................................................3 1.2.2 Groundwater .........................................................................4 1.2.3 Vapor Intrusion......................................................................4 1.3 Scope and Applicability....................................................................4 1.4 Overview and Organization..............................................................5 2.0 OVERVIEW OF PLATING OPERATIONS .................................................7 3.0 PROJECT PLANNING .............................................................................10 3.1 Project Scoping..............................................................................10 3.1.1 Scoping Meetings................................................................10 3.1.2 Stakeholder Identification and Assessment ........................11 3.2 Public Participation Activities .........................................................12 3.3 Coordination with Other Agencies .................................................12 4.0 SITE CHARACTERIZATION ....................................................................13 4.1 Conceptual Site Model...................................................................13 4.2 Designing an Investigation.............................................................14 4.3 Risk Assessment ...........................................................................15 5.0 EVALUATION OF CLEANUP TECHNOLOGIES......................................16 5.1 Screening of Remedial Technologies ............................................16 5.1.1 Metals and VOCs in Soil .....................................................16 5.1.2 Other Contaminants in Soil .................................................16 5.1.3 Groundwater .......................................................................17 5.1.4 Vapor Intrusion....................................................................17 5.2 Detailed Evaluation of Remedial Technologies..............................17 5.2.1 Proven Technologies for Metals and VOCs in Soil .............17 5.2.2 Contaminant Types and Impacted Media Without ..............18 Proven Technologies 5.2.3 Overview of Detailed Analysis.............................................18 5.3 Design and Implementation of Cleanup Alternatives .....................21 5.4 California Environmental Quality Act .............................................21 May 2011 iii INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF PLATING FACILITIES TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Page 6.0 CONSIDERATIONS FOR SITE CLEANUP AND CLOSURE ...................22 6.1 Scope of Cleanup Activities ...........................................................22 6.1.1 Interim Removal Actions .....................................................22 6.1.2 Final Remedies ...................................................................23 6.1.3 Transitioning from Interim to Final Remedies......................23 6.2 Site Closure ...................................................................................23 6.2.1 Tank Closure.......................................................................23 6.2.2 Building/Infrastructure Demolition .......................................24 6.3 Soil and Soil Gas Impacts..............................................................24 6.3.1 Metal-Impacted Soil ............................................................25 6.3.2 VOC-Impacted Soil and Soil Gas........................................25 6.3.3 Other Contaminant Types ...................................................26 6.4 Vapor Intrusion Pathway................................................................26 6.5 Groundwater Impacts.....................................................................26 6.5.1 Hydraulic Control of Plume .................................................27 6.5.2 Source Control and Mass Removal.....................................28 6.5.3 Bench-Scale and Pilot Studies for In-Situ .........................28 Treatment Technologies 6.5.4 On-Going Groundwater Monitoring Program ......................30 6.5.5 Remedy Optimization..........................................................30 6.5.6 Exit Strategy........................................................................31 6.6 Site Control ....................................................................................32 6.7 Document Submittals.....................................................................33 6.7.1 Sampling and Analysis Plans..............................................33 6.7.2 Pilot Study Documents for In-Situ Treatment .....................33 Technologies 6.7.3 Design Documents..............................................................33 6.7.4 Construction Completion/Final Installation Report ..............35 6.7.5 Operation and Maintenance Plan........................................36 6.7.6 Periodic Monitoring Reports................................................37 6.8 Operation and Maintenance...........................................................37 7.0 CERTIFICATION / COMPLETION ...........................................................39 7.1 Site Certification.............................................................................39 7.2 Completion Letter for Interim Actions / Interim Measures ..............40 7.3 Additional Actions Needed.............................................................40 8.0 LONG-TERM STEWARDSHIP.................................................................41 8.1 Institutional Controls for Contamination Remaining in Place .........41 8.2 Regulatory Oversight Agreement...................................................42 8.3 Operation and Maintenance Plan ..................................................42 8.4 Contingency Plan...........................................................................42 8.5 Financial Assurance.......................................................................42 8.6 Five-Year Review ..........................................................................43 May 2011 iv INVESTIGATION AND REMEDIATION OF PLATING FACILITIES TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Page 9.0 REFERENCES.........................................................................................44