LATER MUGHALS WILLIAM IRVINE, i.c.s. {ret), Author of Storia do Mogor, Army of the Indian Moghuls, &c» Edited by JADUNATH SARKAR, i.e.s., Author of History of Aurangzib, Shivaji and His Times, Studies in Mughal India, &c. 3. 9 3. & <l Vol. I 1707—1720 Calcutta : M. C. SARKAR & SONS, London : LUZAC & CO. Printer : S. C. Mazumdar SRI GOURANGA PRESS 7///, Mirzapur Street, Calcutta. Copyright reserved by Mrs. Margaret L. Seymour, 195 Goldhurst Terrace, LONDON. Published by S. C. Sarkar M. C. Sarkar & Sons. 90/2A, Harrison Road, Calcutta. CONTENTS William Irvine ... ... ... ••• xiii—xxxii His life, xiii—works, xv—Manucci's Travels, xix—as a man, xxii—as a historian, xxiv—humour, xxvi—composition of Later Mughals, xxvi—editor's work, xxviii—list of Irvine's writings, xxx—author's foreword, xxxii. Chapter I. Bahadur Shah ... ... ... ... 1—157 Aurangzib's children, 1 —his will, 5—Azam's measures on Aurangzib's death, 7—Azam marches to Hindustan, 11 —Azim-ush-shan reaches Agra, 15 —Bidar Bakht advances to the Chambal, 17—Bahadur Shah marches to Agra, 18—his letter to Azam and reply, 21 —march to Jajau, 22—battle, 27 —slaughter in Azam's army, 30—Azam killed, 33—his character, 34—Bahadur Shah I.'s chief appointments, 36—Asad Khan's powers, 37—Rajput States, 41 — 42— 43— life — Mewar, Amber, Jodhpur ; early of Ajit Singh, 44 Bahadur Shah marches to Rajputana, 46—enters Amber, 46—Ajit is defeated, sub- mits, 48—Emperor returns, 49—Kam Bakhsh's doings in the Dakhin, 50— factions in his Court, 52—mad acts of Kam Bakhsh, 55—Bahadur Shah reaches the Dakhin, 57—defeat and death of Kam Bakhsh, 61 —his family, 66—Second Rajput rising, 67—Sayyid Husain Khan slain, 69—Bahadur Shah marches to — Rajputana, 71 Rajahs submit, 73—Sikhs : their early gurus, 73 —doctrines of Sikhism, 79—Guru Govind's innovations, 80—their effect on Sikh 81 — character, castes composing the Sikh population : Khatris 82, Jats, 83—career of Guru Govind, 84—joins Bahadur Shah, 89—is murdered, 90—Banda's rising, 94—slays Wazir Khan, 95—sacks Sarhind, 96—Sikh atrocities, 97—extensive Sikh raids, 98—Bahadur Shah marches against Banda, 105—Banda's fort of Lohgarh 109, stormed 112—escape of Banda, 115—desultory fighting with Sikhs, 118—sources of Sikh history, 121 —Munim Khan, Wazir, career and character, 125—new Wazir, 127—Emperor at Lahor, 129—his Shia views, 130— anti-Shia riot, 131 —Bahadur Shah's last illness, 133, death 133—character, 136—coins, 140—family, 141 —Dutch embassy, 147. Chapter II. Interregnum ... ... ... ... 158—185 Position and conduct of Bahadur Shah's four sons at his death, 158— Zulfiqar forms alliance of three Princes against Azim-ush-shan, 161 —Azim- ush-shan stands on the defensive, delays, 165—his entrenchments assaulted, 16(5—captured by storm, 173—Azim-ush-shan's last struggle, 175—and death, 177—quarrel among the victors, 177—Jahan Shah killed, 181 —defeat and death of Rafi-ush-shan, 183. Chapter III. Jahandar Shah ... ... ... ... 186—243 Jahandar enthroned, 186—new appointments, 186—executions, 187— Abdus-samad Khan, 187—Prince Md. Karim killed, 190—Lai Kunwar and X THE LATER MUGHALS her influence, 192—shameless revelries, 195—quarrels among Court nobles, 197—Farrukh-siyar's early career, 198—crowns himself at Patna, 199—gains adherents, 200—Barha Sayyids, 201 —Sayyid Husain Ali supports Farrukh- siyar, 205—Sayyid Abdullah quarrels with Jahandar and joins Farrukh-siyar, 207—Farrukh-siyar advances to Allahabad, 210— is joined by Chabela Ram, 214—defeats Jahandar's son at Khajwa, 217—Jahandar Shah at Agra, 220— marches to Samugarh, 223, wastes time in inaction, 225—Farrukh-siyar crosses the Jamuna, 227—battle of Agra, 229—rout of Jahandar, 235—his flight to Dihli, 236—Asad and Zulfiqar desert to Farrukh-siyar, 238 arrest Jahan- dar, 239—his coins, 240—character, 241 —family, 242. Chapter IV. Farrukh-siyar ... ... ... ... 244—403 His doings at Agra, 244—Abdullah Khan's measures at Dihli, 247— Zulfiqar arrested and killed, 251 —Jahandar Shah killed, 254—Farrukh-siyar enters Dihli in state, 255—Zulfiqar's character criticized, 257—new official appointments, 258—provincial governors, 261 —lives of Md. Amin Khan, 263 — 264—Ahmad 267—Mir 267— S'amsam-ud-daulah,— Beg, Jumla, Nizam-ul- mulk, 268 parties at Court : different races, 272—severities inflicted by Farrukh-siyar at accession, 275—first quarrel with Sayyid brothers, 281 —Ajit Singh's rebellion, 285—Husain Ali invades Marwar, 287—Ajit makes peace, 289— courtiers incite Farrukh-siyar against Sayyids, 291 —their conspiracy fails, 297— conciliates — —Emperor Sayyids, 299 is married to Ajit Singh's daughter, 304 Surgeon Hamilton's treatment, 305—disorderly nobles, 306—siege of Banda's fort Sadhaura, 307—Sikh ravages, 311 —Banda besieged in Gurdas- pur, 312—captured, 315—tortured to death, 317—the Sikh martyrs, 317—the continued guru-ship by Govind's family after his death, 319—Jats : their relations with early Mughal Government, 321—Churaman Jat's rising, 322 —his fort of Thun invested by Jai Singh, 324—Churaman submits through 326— Abdullah, Farrukh-siyar's new intrigues against Sayyids, 327—Mir first Jumla's unauthorized return to Dihli, 329—plots continue, 332—causes of Farrukh-siyar's dislike of the Sayyids, 335—jaziya, 338—Md. Murad Kashmiri's early history, 339—Emperor forms new plots to crush Sayyid brothers, 343— attempt to seize Abdullah fails, 347—Ajit Singh called to Court 348, also Nizam, 351—Mir Jumla's second return to Dihli, 352— encouraged by 356—Husain — Emperor, Ali starts from Dakhin in force, for Dihli, 357 events at Dihli, Farrukh-siyar restores Sayyid Abdullah to power, 362—Md. Amin Khan comes to Dihli, 365—Husain Ali's approach, Abdul-ghafur sent to pacify him, 369—all nobles are alienated by Farrukh- and siyar join Sayyid party, 370—Husain Ali near Dihli, 372—abject terror and of helplessness Farrukh-siyar, 373—he submits to all the Sayyids' demands, 375—Husain Ali's first audience, 377—Dihli palace handed over to Sayyids' 379— men, Abdullah's interview, 380—final rupture, 381 — Farrukh-siyar's last efforts, 382—Mahratta allies of Husain Ali massacred by Mughals and in populace Dihli, 383—rising of Farrukh-siyar's partisans, 385 —Farrukh-siyar 388— deposed, Rafi-ud-darjat crowned, 389—Farrukh-siyar CONTENTS XI dragged out of harem, 390—blinded, imprisoned, 390—put to death, 392— buried, 393—conduct of Sayyids to Farrukh-siyar criticized, 394—character of Farrukh-siyar, 396—length of reign, titles etc., 398—coins, 399—family, 400—life of Jafar Zatali, 403. Chapter V. Rafi-ud-darjat and Rafi-ud-daulah ... ... 404—432 Events at accession, 404—distribution of offices and jagirs, 405— treaty with Rajah Sahu, 406—quarrel between Sayyid brothers, 407— Nekusiyar crowned by Agra garrison, 408—Mitr Sen's conspiracy, 410— Sayyids besiege Agra fort, 413—failure of Nekusiyar's partisans, 414—he negotiates, 415—Sayyids' bad treatment of Rafi-ud-darjat, 416—Emperor dies, 418—his coins, 418—Accession of Rafi-ud-daulah, 420—siege of Agra, 422— surrender of fort and of Nekusiyar, 426—Farrukh-siyar's widow restored to Ajit Singh, 428—division of Agra booty, 428—death of Rafi-ud-daulah, 430- —his coins etc. 432. ABBREVIATIONS Ahwal—Ahwal-ul-khawaqin by Muhammad Qasim Aurangabadi. Ain—Ain-i-Akbari by Abul Fazl, Eng. tr. by Blochmann and Jarrett, 3 vols. Ashob—Tarikh-i-Shahadat-i-Farrukh-siyar by Md. Bakhsh Ashob. Bahadur—Bahadur Shah-nama by Danishmand Khan Ali. B. M.—British Museum. Chamanistan—by Anand Ram Mukhlis, (litho.) Dil—Nuskha-i-Dilkasha by Bhimsen Burhanpuri, (B. M. Or. 28.) Ghulam Ali—Muqaddama-i-Shah Alam-nama. Ijad—Md. Ahsan Ijad's Farrukh-siyar-nama. [Same as "Anonymous Fragment.*'] Iradat—Iradat Khan's Tazkira, tr. into Eng. by Jonathan Scott in his History of De^han, vol. ii, pt. 4. Jagjivan-das—India Office Library MS. /. A. S. B.—Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Jang or Jangnama—Jangnama by Danishmand Khan Ali. Kamraj—Ibratnama. (The same writer's Azam-ul-harb is not cited.) Kamwar—Kamwar Khan's Tazkirat-us-salatin-i-Chaghtaiya. Khush-hal—Khush-hal Chand's Nadir-uz-Zamani. K. Khafi II. K.— Khan's Muntahhab-ul-Lubab , Vol. (Bib. Ind. Series.) M. A.—Masir-i-Alamgiri (Bib. Ind. Series.) Mac.—Macauliffe's Sikh Religion, 6 vols. Miftan—Mijtah-ui-tawarikh by T. W. Beale. M. M. or M. Mhd.—Mirza Muhammad's Tazkira or Ibratnama. M. U.—Masir-ul-umara,— 3 vols. (Bib. Ind. Series.) Nur. Jahandar-nama by Nuruddin Faruqi Multani Dihlavi. Qasim—Muhammad Qasim Lahori's Ibratnama. Rustam Ali—Rustam Ali Shahabadi's Tarihh-i-Hindi. Scott— Scott's Jonathan History of Dehhan, vol. ii, pt. 4. Shiu Das—Munavvir-ul-qalam. Siwanih—Siwanih-i-Khizri by Md. Umar, son of Khizr Khan. Siyar—Siyar-ul-mutahherin, Pers. text printed at Calcutta, 2 vols., Eng. tr. by Mustafa, 4 vols. T-i-M or T-i-Mdi.—Tarikh-i-Muhammadi by Mirza Md. Warid—Mirat-i-Waridat by Md. Shafi Warid. Yahya— Tazkirat-ul-muluk,. WILLIAM IRVINE : A BIOGRAPHY His Career William Irvine, the son of a Scotch advocate, was born in Aberdeen on 5th July, 1840. He came to London when quite a child, and after leaving school at the early age of fifteen he went into business, until he obtained an appointment in the Admiralty at nineteen. He stayed there for a year or two; but having acquired a very good knowledge of French and German, he eventually resigned, went to King's College, London, to complete his studies, and entering for the Indian Civil Service he passed very high in the examination of 1862.