ctbuh.org/papers Title: Apartments in Skyscrapers: Innovations and Perspectives of their Typology Development Authors: Elena Generalova, Professor, Samara State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering Viktor Generalov, Professor, Samara State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering Subjects: Architectural/Design Interior Design Social Issues Keywords: Economics Residential Social Interaction Publication Date: 2015 Original Publication: Global Interchanges: Resurgence of the Skyscraper City Paper Type: 1. Book chapter/Part chapter 2. Journal paper 3. Conference proceeding 4. Unpublished conference paper 5. Magazine article 6. Unpublished © Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat / Elena Generalova; Viktor Generalov Apartments in Skyscrapers: Innovations and Perspectives of their Typology Development Abstract Elena Generalova Professor The paper proposes to reflect on the questions: what does the typology of apartments in Samara State University of contemporary high-rise construction mean and whether it is consistent with the high-rise Architecture and Civil Engineering, buildings of the future? What impact do demographic, economic, social, climatic, national and Samara, Russia other factors have on the structure of apartments? The research is based on the analysis of more than 100 high-rise residential and mixed-use buildings that have been completed in the past Elena Generalova, PhD in Architecture, and member of the 10 years and the buildings under construction in different parts of the world now. A number of Union of Architects of Russia, works as an associate professor of the department of Architecture of Housing and Public trends in the typology and functional planning organization of apartments in high-rise buildings Buildings at Samara State University of Architecture and Civil were identified and examined in order to determine the applications of these trends in the Engineering. Scientific interests focus on researching modern high-rise residential complexes. The author supervises post- advanced model of high-rise construction development. graduate research students in Architecture. She has written more than 50 scientific works including monographs and Keywords: Architectural/Design, Social Issues educational editions. She is also a practicing architect and has more than 60 completed projects. The number of high-rise buildings in the world is steadily increasing year after year. Having Viktor Generalov Professor analyzed high-rise buildings of 150m and higher completed in the past 10 years, including the buildings currently under construction now, it is worth noting that the proportion of residential Samara State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, high-rise buildings is on the rise, currently comprising 45% of the global total. Unfortunately, Samara, Russia single function high-rise buildings are still the most common building typology. The shift to mixed-use has been slow and can be traced more perceptibly in future projections. The Viktor Generalov, PhD in Architecture, Professor, Head of the comparative analysis shows the percentage of mixed-use high-rise buildings in five-year department of Architecture of Housing and Public Buildings at periods: completed in 2005-2009: residential – 52 %, office – 28 %, mixed-use – 17 %; completed Samara State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, and under construction in 2015-2019: residential – 36 %, office – 32 %, mixed-use – 28 %. a member of the Union of Architects of Russia, and Advisor to the Russian Academy of Architectural Sciences (RAASN). The decrease in the percentage of residential high-rise buildings does not equate to reduced Interests focus on scientific problems of modern high-rise interest in them, but rather a gradual shift in building function from residential and office to typologies. Within the framework he supervises post-graduate mixed-use high-rise buildings. Touching upon a social factor it can be said that apartments in research students in Architecture. He is the author of more than a hundred scientific publications including monographs high-rise buildings are both luxury commercial housing and more affordable economy class and educational editions. He is also a practicing architect and public housing. As high-rise residential housing is of great interest there comes up an acute and has more than 80 completed projects in Russia and question of the trends and prospects of their typology development. It is required to rethink Kazakhstan. the role of high-rise housing as an element of a complex modern city that involves different levels of living environments – “city,” “house,” and “apartment.” The given research focuses on the apartment as an important link defining the standard of living and environment on different interrelated levels of human habitation. Nowadays, more active research is being conducted regarding new innovations in high-rise construction. Is the process reflected in the evolution of apartment design? It is well known that innovations or new developments should provide quality increase and conceptually new consumer attitudes to the given product. It is to be noted that not all new developments should be regarded as an innovation, but only the development that increases the effectiveness of the existing system considerably. In this regard the present day apartment typologies for high-rise housing are of great interest. More than 100 high-rise buildings in different parts of the world were chosen for the research. The research focuses on high-rise buildings completed in the past 10 years, the buildings that are under construction, or at the design level now. Maximum diversity was the main selection criteria. This includes not only supertall buildings, but those that don’t take part in the “vertical race,” residential and mixed-use buildings. They have different social and climatic conditions on the construction site. Similarities and differences have been searched for and the most interesting innovations in the typology of apartments have been observed. The paper outlines the following trends: 1. Architectural planning of residential buildings on the principle of a full-floor apartment. 2. Penthouses as the element of luxury residence. 3. Loft units. 4. Studio apartments. 5. Innovative (exclusive) planning concepts. CTBUH 2015 New York Conference | 355 Figure 1. One Madison Park, USA, New York Figure 3. Orchard Suites, Singapore Figure 4. 111 West 57th Street, USA, New York (Source: (Source: David Sunberg c/o Esto Photography/CTBUH ) (Source: www.worldarchitecturefestival.com) SHoP Architects, http://www.shoparc.com/project/111- WEST-57TH-STREET) Trend 1. Full-floor Apartments The 60-storey residential tower One Madison The round apartment offers a panoramic Park built in New York in 2010 houses 69 units. view. Three towers have 63 four-bedroom This trend is common in many high- The key design element was the full-floor apartments of 264 m2 (see Figure 2). rise buildings, and is of special interest apartment. The full-floor apartments have for research. This type of apartments is various planning options, i.e. a three-bedroom The development of this type of high-rise becoming a new typological element in apartment of 307.5 m2, a 253 m2 apartment building has continued, including the design the classification of elite apartments that with a terrace of 54 m2 (see Figure 1). A 615 m2 of the residential complex Orchard Suites in makes us reconsider the role of penthouses. duplex penthouse on the 55th and 56th floors, Singapore. It is an example of the effective use There are some reasons explaining the and finally, there is a 650.32 m2 triplex penthouse of a very small area. The residential tower has existence of such buildings, including their located on the 55th, 56th and 60th floors. only 22 apartments. There is only one three- relatively smaller floor-plate, the desire to bedroom apartment of 117 m2 on each floor. meet the needs of the most sophisticated The residential complex Cliveden@Grange The entrance to the apartment is via a private residents who look for solitude and privacy Road was built in Singapore in 2011. While lift lobby and an additional entrance from the in apartment space, and struggle for a designing the project there was no problem stairwell that leads to the kitchen. The tower panoramic view of the horizon for the with the lack of site area. Four cylinder has an innovative wavy building envelope maximum number of residential units. towers occupy a spacious site with various fixed on the orthogonal grid. The building In most cases all the above mentioned public infrastructure facilities- sports fields envelope acts as the ecological filter, protects reasons should be embraced. The following and playgrounds, a swimming pool, a green the apartments from overheating, provides skyscrapers can be given as examples. space, etc. Moreover, three out of four towers natural air-conditioning and lets the building have one round apartment on each floor. breath (see Figure 3). The 77-storey (427 m) residential complex 111 West 57th Street in New York is scheduled for completion in 2017. The building refers to the so called super skinny new Manhattan skyscrapers. Its size in the design plan is only 18.29 х 24.38 m. A 465 m2 full-floor apartment has distinct functional zoning. The staircase- elevator section separates a kitchen/ dining/ living area from three bedrooms (see Figure 4). Trend 2. Penthouses as the Pinnacle of Luxury Residence The analysis shows that penthouses can