International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES OR: ENG TRIAL CHAMBER II Before: Judge Asoka de Silva, presiding Judge Flavia Lattanzi Judge Florence Rita Arrey Registrar: Mr Adama Dieng Date: 12 September 2006 PROSECUTOR v. Tharcisse MUVUNYI Case No. ICTR-2000-55A-T JUDGEMENT AND SENTENCE Office of the Prosecutor Defence Counsel Mr Charles Adeogun-Phillips Mr William E. Taylor Ms Adesola Adeboyejo Ms Cynthia Cline Ms Renifa Madenga Ms Memory Maposa Mr Dennis Mabura The Prosecutor v. Tharcisse Muvunyi, Case No. ICTR-00-55A-T TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................1 1. The Tribunal and Its Jurisdiction......................................................................1 2. Indictment............................................................................................................1 3. Summary of Procedural History ........................................................................2 4. Overview of the Case...........................................................................................2 5. Admissibility and Assessment of Evidence........................................................3 CHAPTER II: FACTUAL FINDINGS .........................................................................4 1. Preliminary Matters............................................................................................4 2. Tharcisse Muvunyi..............................................................................................8 3. The Issue of ESO Commander...........................................................................8 3.1. Indictment.......................................................................................................8 3.2. Evidence .........................................................................................................8 3.3. Deliberations.................................................................................................13 4. Muvunyi’s Responsibility for Security in Butare and Gikongoro préfectures17 4.1. Indictment.....................................................................................................17 4.2. Evidence .......................................................................................................17 4.3. Deliberations.................................................................................................23 5. Specific Allegations Against Tharcisse Muvunyi............................................26 5.1. Swearing-in Ceremony of New préfet of Butare on 19 April 1994 .............26 5.1.1. Indictment..........................................................................................26 5.1.2. Evidence............................................................................................26 5.1.3. Deliberations......................................................................................28 5.2. Meeting of ESO Officer Corps after President Sindikubwabo’s Speech at the Swearing-in Ceremony.................................................................................28 5.2.1. Indictment..........................................................................................28 5.2.2. Evidence............................................................................................28 5.2.3. Deliberations......................................................................................29 5.3. Establishment and Use of Roadblocks in Butare préfecture ........................30 5.3.1. Indictment..........................................................................................30 5.3.2. Evidence............................................................................................30 i The Prosecutor v. Tharcisse Muvunyi, Case No. ICTR-00-55A-T 5.3.3. Deliberations......................................................................................40 5.4. Sensitisation Meetings..................................................................................42 5.4.1. Indictment..........................................................................................42 5.4.2. Meetings at Nyantanga Trade Centre and at Nyakizu Communal Office ………………………………………………………………………42 5.4.3. Meeting at a Roadblock in Rumba cellule, Kibilizi secteur..............46 5.4.4. Meeting at Gikonko, Mugusa commune............................................48 5.4.5. Meeting at Gikore Trade Centre ........................................................50 5.5. Provision of Weapons to Militiamen............................................................55 5.5.1. Indictment..........................................................................................55 5.5.2. Evidence............................................................................................55 5.5.3. Deliberations......................................................................................57 5.6. 5.6. Attack on Wounded Refugees at the Butare University Hospital.........58 5.6.1. Indictment..........................................................................................58 5.6.2. Evidence............................................................................................58 5.6.3. Deliberations......................................................................................65 5.7. Attack at Beneberika Convent......................................................................68 5.7.1. Indictment..........................................................................................68 5.7.2. Evidence............................................................................................68 5.7.3. Deliberations......................................................................................72 5.8. Attack on Tutsi Lecturers and Students at the University of Butare............73 5.8.1. Indictment..........................................................................................73 5.8.2. Evidence............................................................................................73 5.8.3. Deliberations......................................................................................74 5.9. Arrest and Killing of Two Priests at Gihindamuyaua Monastery................75 5.9.1. Indictment..........................................................................................75 5.9.2. Evidence............................................................................................75 5.10. Massacre of Tutsi Civilians by Soldiers and Interahamwe..........................76 5.10.1. Indictment..........................................................................................76 5.10.2. Attack at Ngoma Parish and the Matyazo School Complex.............77 5.10.3. Attack at the Groupe scolaire............................................................82 5.10.4. Attack on Tutsi Refugees at Mukura Forest......................................92 5.10.5. Killing of Civilians at Cyanika Parish and at Kabutare ....................94 ii The Prosecutor v. Tharcisse Muvunyi, Case No. ICTR-00-55A-T 5.10.6. General Conclusion on Massacre of Tutsi civilians..........................95 5.11. Rape and Sexual Violence by Soldiers and Interahamwe during Attacks on Tutsi Civilians........................................................................................................95 5.11.1. Indictment..........................................................................................95 5.11.2. Evidence............................................................................................96 5.11.3. Deliberations....................................................................................100 5.12. Cruel Treatment of Tutsi Civilians by Soldiers..........................................103 5.12.1. Indictment........................................................................................103 5.12.2. Events at the Butare Cathedral and at ESO .....................................103 5.12.3. Events at Beneberika Convent.........................................................107 5.12.4. Events at the Groupe scolaire .........................................................109 5.12.5. Events at Various Roadblocks in Butare and Gikongoro................112 CHAPTER III: THE LAW ..........................................................................................115 1. Individual Criminal Responsibility under Article 6(1) and 6(3).................115 2. Genocide ...........................................................................................................120 3. Complicity in Genocide ...................................................................................125 4. Direct and Public Incitement to Commit Genocide .....................................125 5. Crimes against Humanity...............................................................................128 5.1. General Elements........................................................................................128 5.2. The Underlying Offences - Rape................................................................129 5.3. Crimes against Humanity – Other Inhumane Acts.....................................132 CHAPTER IV: VERDICT...........................................................................................134 CHAPTER V: SENTENCE........................................................................................135 1. Introduction .....................................................................................................135