A GUIDE TO THE Arab-Israeli Conflict By Mitchell G. Bard American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (AICE) 2810 Blaine Dr. Chevy Chase, MD 20815 http://www.JewishVirtualLibrary.org Copyright © American Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (AICE) Inc., 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form with out the written per mission of AICE, Inc. ISBN 0-9712945-4-2 Printed in the United States of America American Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (AICE) 2810 Blaine Dr. Chevy Chase, MD 20815 Tel. 301-565-3918 Fax. 301-587-9056 Email. [email protected] http://www.JewishVirtualLibrary.org Other studies available from AICE (all are now available on our web site): ■ Partners for Change: How U.S.-Israel Cooperation Can Benefi t America ■ Learning Together: Israeli Innovations In Education That Could Benefi t Amer icans ■ Breakthrough Dividend: Israeli Innovations In Bio technology That Could Ben efi t Americans ■ Experience Counts: Innovative Programs For The Elderly In Israel That Can Benefi t Americans ■ Building Bridges: Lessons For America From Novel Israeli Approaches To Promote Coexistence ■ Good Medicine: Israeli Innovations In Health Care That Could Benefi t Amer icans ■ Rewriting History in Textbooks ■ On One Foot: A Middle East guide for the perplexed or How to respond on your way to class, when your best friend joins an anti-Israel protest ■ TENURED OR TENUOUS: Defi ning the Role of Faculty in Supporting Israel on Campus Production, new cover art and maps by North Market Street Graphics Original Book Logo Design, Cover concept, Typography, Map Illustration: Danakama / Nick Moscovitz / NYC Table of Contents Preface ....................................................................................................................................................v 1. Israel’s Roots .................................................................................................................................1 2. The Mandatory Period ............................................................................................................14 3. Partition .......................................................................................................................................26 4. The War of 1948 .......................................................................................................................33 5. The 1956 War ............................................................................................................................40 6. The 1967 Six- Day War ............................................................................................................45 7. The War of Attrition, 1967–1970 .........................................................................................60 8. The 1973 War ............................................................................................................................67 9. Boundaries .................................................................................................................................71 10. Israel and Lebanon ..................................................................................................................85 11. The Gulf Wars ............................................................................................................................93 12. The United Nations ................................................................................................................100 13. Refugees ....................................................................................................................................109 14. The Treatment of Jews in Arab/Islamic Countries .......................................................138 15. Human Rights in Israel and the Territories ....................................................................160 16. The Palestinian War, 2000–2005 ......................................................................................178 17. Jerusalem ..................................................................................................................................201 18. U.S. Middle East Policy ..........................................................................................................215 19. The Peace Process ..................................................................................................................241 20. Settlements .............................................................................................................................. 289 21. The Arms Balance ..................................................................................................................300 22. The Media ................................................................................................................................ 309 23. Arab/Muslim Attitudes Toward Israel...............................................................................323 APPENDICES .....................................................................................................................................333 The Military Balance in the Middle East .........................................................................334 The Middle East Road Map .................................................................................................335 The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement (HAMAS) .................................342 United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 ..........................................................344 Recommended Internet Resources ...........................................................................................345 Suggested Reading .......................................................................................................................348 Index of Myths .................................................................................................................................350 Alphabetical Index .........................................................................................................................361 American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise ................................................................................377 About the Author ............................................................................................................................378 iv Table of Contents TABLES 1—Jewish Immigrants to Palestine ......................................................................................16 2—Palestinian Refugees Registered by UNRWA ...........................................................126 3—Jerusalem’s Population ...................................................................................................201 4—The Value of Foreign Military Financing (FMF) Orders by State ........................225 5—Jewish and Arab Populations in Key States .............................................................236 6—“Consensus” Settlements ...............................................................................................297 MAPS 1—Great Britain’s Division of the Mandated Area, 1921–1923 .................................15 2—The Partition Plan—1947—UN General Assembly Resolution 181 ......................27 3—Peel Commission Partition Plan, July 1937 ................................................................30 4—The Arab Invasion, May 15, 1948 .................................................................................34 5—Armistice Lines, 1949.........................................................................................................36 6—Terrorist Attacks, 1951–1956 ...........................................................................................42 7—The Sinai Campaign, 1956 ..............................................................................................42 8—The Golan Heights Prior to the 1967 War. Distances and Elevations ................46 9—Israel Before June 1967 ....................................................................................................49 10—The Egyptian Front, June 5–8, 1967 ..........................................................................50 11—The Battle for Jerusalem, June 5–7, 1967 ................................................................52 12—Cease-Fire Lines After the Six- Day War, 1967 ........................................................54 13—Egyptian and Syrian Attack, Oct. 6, 1973 .................................................................68 14—Missile and Artillery Ranges From West Bank Positions ......................................72 15—The Golan Heights Ridge Line .....................................................................................75 16—Relative Size of the Golan Heights.............................................................................. 78 17—Flying Times to Israel ......................................................................................................80 18— Distances Between Israeli Population Centers and Pre- 1967 Armistice Lines ..................................................................................................................82 19—Israel’s Border with Lebanon (in 2000) ....................................................................88 20—Jewish Refugees from Arab States, 1948–1972...................................................110 21—UNRWA Refugee Camps (in 2000) ..........................................................................128 22—The Palestinian Authority’s Map of Palestine