EVOLUTION WITHIN THE NEOPTERA: Polyneoptera, Paraneoptera, Holometabola NEOPTERA Ephemeroptera Odonata (25 orders) PTERYGOTA THE MAJOR GROUPS OF NEOPTERA Polyneoptera • Order Plecoptera • Order Embioptera • Order Zoraptera Holometabola • Order Dermaptera • Order Megaloptera • Order Grylloblattodea • Order Neuroptera • Order Mantophasmatodea • Order Rhaphidioptera • Order Phasmatodea • Order Coleoptera • Order Orthoptera • Order Strepsiptera • Order Blattodea • Order Hymenoptera • Order Isoptera • Order Mecoptera • Order Mantodea • Order Siphonaptera • Order Diptera • Order Trichoptera • Order Lepidoptera Paraneoptera • Order Psocoptera • Order Phthiraptera • Order Thysanoptera • Order Hemiptera THE MAJOR GROUPS OF NEOPTERA Polyneoptera • Order Plecoptera • Order Embioptera • Order Zoraptera Holometabola • Order Dermaptera • Order Megaloptera • Order Grylloblattodea • Order Neuroptera • Order Mantophasmatodea • Order Rhaphidioptera • Order Phasmatodea • Order Coleoptera • Order Orthoptera • Order Strepsiptera • Order Blattodea • Order Hymenoptera • Order Isoptera • Order Mecoptera • Order Mantodea • Order Siphonaptera • Order Diptera • Order Trichoptera • Order Lepidoptera Paraneoptera • Order Psocoptera • Order Phthiraptera • Order Thysanoptera • Order Hemiptera • Are the 3 major groups of Neoptera each monophyletic? • What are the phylogenetic relationships among these 3 groups? ? ? Hypothesis of Boudreaux 1979 Enlarged hind wing anal region (but reductions and aptery occur) Polyneoptera (=Polyneopterata) Wing flexion Many, see Grimaldi & Engel and future lectures Paraneoptera (=Acercarida) Complete metamorphosis & others, see Grimaldi & Engel and future lectures Holometabola Phalloneopterata (=Endopterygida) • Jugal bar • Male gonopod morphogenesis similar • Also supported by recent molecular evidence Hypothesis Hennig 1981 Plecoptera Uniquely primitive and may be sister taxon to all other Neoptera! Paurometabola (=Polyneoptera, exclusive of Plecoptera) • Terrestrial mode of life • Rigid tegmina with posteromotorism • Cluster of accessory glands in male genitalia Paraneoptera Holometabola (=Endopterygota) Hypothesis Kristensen 1981, 1991 Plecoptera Embioptera lower Neoptera lower Zoraptera Dermaptera Grylloblattodea (Mantophasmatodea) Phasmatodea Orthoptera Blattodea Dictyoptera Isoptera Mantodea Paraneoptera Holometabola (=Endopterygota) Working hypothesis as proposed by Boudreaux and presented by Grimaldi & Engel Polyneoptera Enlarged hind wing anal region (but reductions and aptery occur) Paraneoptera Holometabola What are the relationships among the orders of POLYNEOPTERA? (not considering Kristensen’s assessment) Plecoptera PLECOPTERIDA Embioptera Zoraptera Dermaptera Grylloblattodea Mantophasmatodea Phasmatodea ORTHOPTERIDA Orthoptera Blattodea DICTYOPTERA Isoptera Synthesis of various hypotheses Mantodea (see Grimaldi & Engel) Plecoptera PLECOPTERIDA Embioptera • Ovipositor lost • Head prognathous • Suppression of male styli Zoraptera • Fusion of premental lobes (glossa + paraglossa) • Anal lobe of hind wing lost • Neuroanatomical traits • Cerci reduced to 1 orDermaptera 2 segments • Wings dehiscent • Hind femora enlarged, with distinctive musculature • Communal behaviorGrylloblattodea • Others (see Grimaldi & Engel) Mantophasmatodea Phasmatodea ORTHOPTERIDA Orthoptera • Enlarged hind wing Blattodea anal region DICTYOPTERA Isoptera Mantodea Plecoptera PLECOPTERIDA Embioptera Zoraptera Dermaptera Grylloblattodea Mantophasmatodea Phasmatodea ORTHOPTERIDA Orthoptera • Second valvula reduced, with developmentBlattodea of gonoplac as functional ovipositor • Enlarged precostal field in forewingIsoptera DICTYOPTERA Mantodea Plecoptera PLECOPTERIDA Embioptera Zoraptera Dermaptera • Future lecture Grylloblattodea Mantophasmatodea Phasmatodea ORTHOPTERIDA Orthoptera Blattodea • Future lecture Isoptera DICTYOPTERA Mantodea.