S. HRG. 109–341 USA PATRIOT ACT HEARING BEFORE THE SELECT COMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE OF THE UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED NINTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION USA PATRIOT ACT APRIL 19, 2005 APRIL 27, 2005 MAY 24, 2005 Printed for the use of the Select Committee on Intelligence ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.access.gpo.gov/congress/senate U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 24-983 PDF WASHINGTON : 2006 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate 11-MAY-2000 11:57 May 24, 2006 Jkt 024983 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 C:\INTELL\24983.TXT CarolB PsN: CarolB SELECT COMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE [Established by S. Res. 400, 94th Cong., 2d Sess.] PAT ROBERTS, Kansas, Chairman JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER IV, West Virginia, Chairman ORRIN G. HATCH, Utah CARL LEVIN, Michigan MIKE DeWINE, Ohio DIANNE FEINSTEIN, California CHRISTOPHER S. BOND, Missouri RON WYDEN, Oregon TRENT LOTT, Mississippi RICHARD J. DURBIN, Illinois OLYMPIA J. SNOWE, Maine EVAN BAYH, Indiana CHUCK HAGEL, Nebraska JOHN EDWARDS, North Carolina SAXBY CHAMBLISS, Georgia BARBARA A. MIKULSKI, Maryland JOHN W. WARNER, Virginia BILL FRIST, Tennessee, Ex Officio HARRY REID, Nevada, Ex Officio BILL DUHNKE, Staff Director ANDREW W. JOHNSON, Minority Staff Director KATHLEEN P. MCGHEE, Chief Clerk (II) VerDate 11-MAY-2000 11:57 May 24, 2006 Jkt 024983 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 C:\INTELL\24983.TXT CarolB PsN: CarolB CONTENTS DAY ONE Hearing held in Washington, DC: April 19, 2005 ................................................................................................... 1 Statements of : Roberts, Hon. Pat, a U.S. Senator from the State of Kansas ....................... 1 Prepared statement ................................................................................... 2 Rockefeller, Hon. John D. IV, a U.S. Senator from the State of West Virginia, prepared statement ....................................................................... 29 Nojeim, Gregory T., Associate Director and Chief Legislative Counsel, ACLU, prepared statement .......................................................................... 29 Dempsey, James X., Executive Director, Center for Democracy & Tech- nology, prepared statement .......................................................................... 45 MacDonald, Heather, Senior Fellow at the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, prepared statement ..................................................................... 57 Supplemental Materials: Testimony on the USA PATRIOT Act by Bob Barr ....................................... 4 Letter from Edwin Meese III and Paul Rosenzweig ...................................... 10 Testimony of Orin S. Kerr ............................................................................... 23 Statement for the Record by Kate Martin ...................................................... 26 Chart on the USA PATRIOT Act .................................................................... 42 DAY TWO Hearing held in Washington, DC: April 27, 2005 ................................................................................................... 87 Statements of: Gonzales, Hon. Alberto R., Attorney General, Department of Justice ......... 97 Prepared statement ................................................................................... 90 Mueller, Hon. Robert S. III, Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation ...... 100 Goss, Hon. Porter J., Director, Central Intelligence Agency ........................ 104 Prepared statement ................................................................................... 102 Supplemental Materials: April 4, 2005 Letter from William E. Moschella, Assistant Attorney Gen- eral to Senator Arlen Specter ...................................................................... 130 April 26, 2005 Letter from William E. Moschella, Assistant Attorney General to Senator Dianne Feinstein .......................................................... 137 DAY THREE Hearing held in Washington, DC: May 24, 2005 ..................................................................................................... 153 Statements of: Caproni, Ms. Valerie, General Counsel, Federal Bureau of Investigation .. 168 Prepared statement ................................................................................... 166 Feinstein, Hon. Dianne, a U.S. Senator from the State of California, prepared statement ....................................................................................... 176 Kris, David S., former Associate Deputy Attorney General, U.S. Depart- ment of Justice, prepared statement ........................................................... 188 (III) VerDate 11-MAY-2000 11:57 May 24, 2006 Jkt 024983 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 C:\INTELL\24983.TXT CarolB PsN: CarolB IV Page —Continued Onek, Joseph, Senior Policy Analyst, Open Society Institute, prepared statement ....................................................................................................... 208 Collins, Daniel P., former Associate Deputy Attorney General, U.S. De- partment of Justice, prepared statement .................................................... 212 Dempsey, James X., Executive Director, Center for Democracy and Tech- nology, prepared statement .......................................................................... 221 Supplemental Materials: May 23, 2005 Letter from Richard A. Seamon, University of Idaho ............ 155 VerDate 11-MAY-2000 11:57 May 24, 2006 Jkt 024983 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 C:\INTELL\24983.TXT CarolB PsN: CarolB THE USA PATRIOT ACT OF 2001 DAY ONE TUESDAY, APRIL 19, 2005 UNITED STATES SENATE, SENATE SELECT COMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE, Washington, DC. The Committee met, pursuant to notice, at 3:05 p.m., in room SH–216, Hart Senate Office Building, Hon. Pat Roberts (Chairman of the Committee) presiding. Committee Members Present: Senators Roberts, Bond, Lott, Snowe, Chambliss, Warner, Rockefeller, Feinstein, Wyden, and Corzine. OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. PAT ROBERTS Chairman ROBERTS. The Committee will come to order. I would like to apologize to our witnesses for the 40-minute delay due to the procedural votes that we had on the floor of the Senate. I guess the good news is that, at least for the time being, we have completed those votes. The challenge that we face is that at 5 o’clock we will have additional votes. We’re down already to 1 hour and 45 minutes. Now I have a marvelous opening statement that deals with the PATRIOT Act and all of the varied concerns and positives that are involved with that Act and your concerns as well. But, I am going to simply submit that for the record in an attempt to hear from you. Can we keep the applause down a little bit? [Laughter.] Chairman ROBERTS. I think the Vice Chairman is going to do likewise, although he will seek his own counsel. We’ve invited a panel of outside experts to provide their views of the USA PATRIOT Act and their opinions on those provisions of the Act which will expire later this year. Our witnesses are Mr. Gregory T. Nojeim, the Associate Director and Chief Legislative Counsel for the American Civil Liberties Union; Mr. Jim Dempsey, Executive Director of the Center for De- mocracy and Technology; and Ms. Heather MacDonald, a John M. Olen fellow at the Manhattan Institute. The Committee thanks all of our witnesses for being here today. [The prepared statement of Chairman Roberts follows:] (1) VerDate 11-MAY-2000 11:57 May 24, 2006 Jkt 024983 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 C:\INTELL\24983.TXT CarolB PsN: CarolB 2 PREPARED STATEMENT OF HON. PAT ROBERTS The Committee will come to order. On September 11, 2001, 19 terrorists hijacked four flights over the United States. We all remember the events of that day. The images of the collapse of the World Trade Center, the burning Pentagon, and the crash site of United Flight 93 in Shanksville, Pennsylvania should never be forgotten. But, the story of that day was written well before September 11th, and it was written by the terrorists that lived and trained within the United States. They rented apartments, bought cars, made telephone calls, sent e-mails, surfed the Internet, received wire transfers, and attended flight schools. The terrorists hid in the open—their sinister plans and intentions camouflaged by millions of innocent, lawful transactions that occur every day in the United States. The activities of the hijackers went largely unnoticed by our intelligence and law enforcement agencies. As this Committee and the 9/11 Commission have pointed out, systemic flaws in our national security agencies prevented full cooperation that might have stopped these attacks. But, in addition to these systemic flaws, our national security agencies were oper- ating under obsolete authorities. Their hands were tied by inaccurate interpreta- tions of existing law that restricted common-sense sharing of intelligence informa- tion. The USA PATRIOT Act was the first legislative effort by Congress and the Presi- dent to reform our national security apparatus in response to the attacks of Sep- tember 11th. The Act brought intelligence tools into the information age. Collection authorities that had been enacted during the era of the rotary phone had not kept pace with the new world of e-mail, the Internet, and mobile phones. The Act also tore down ‘‘walls’’ erected