PRE-CONTACT MARINE RESOURCES IN THE MARIANA ARCHIPELAGO By PATRICK M. O’DAY A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2015 © 2015 Patrick M. O’Day To Nicole, Penelope, and Otto ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am greatly indebted to numerous people who supported me in the completion of this project. First and foremost I would like to acknowledge my wife Nicole who provided invaluable assistance throughout all stages of this project and Dr. Geoff Clark from ANU who supported the fieldwork conducted in Saipan. Dr. Mike Carson and Dr. John Peterson from the MARC also supported this research and graciously let me participate in their ongoing work at Ritidian, Guam. I am also grateful to numerous friends and colleagues in the Pacific Archaeology community. They include Dr. Jolie Liston, Lon Bulgrin, Dr. Boyd Dixon, Dr. Hiro Kurishina, Darlene Moore, Judith Amesbury, Dr. Stephen Athens, Tim Reith, Mike Desilets, Jen Robbins, Amanda Sims, Dr. Sean Conaughton, Dr. Ethan Cochrane, and Dr. Nicolette Parr, who have all been long-time friends and mentors. I would also like to thank the Guam and the CNMI Departments of Historic Preservation. Lastly, I would like to thank my committee members and colleagues from the University of Florida. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 LIST OF TABLES ...........................................................................................................................8 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................11 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................16 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................17 CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW ...........................................................................................................................19 Introduction.............................................................................................................................19 Pre-Contact Fisheries and Their Significance ........................................................................23 The Data Set ...........................................................................................................................25 Theoretical and Analytical Methods .......................................................................................27 Ecological Approaches in Archaeology ..........................................................................29 The Ecological Approach in Marianas Archaeology ......................................................31 Historical Ecology, the Longue Durée, and Historically Related Cultures .....................33 Goals, Objectives, and the Problem ................................................................................37 Goals .........................................................................................................................37 Objectives .................................................................................................................37 Research Problem .....................................................................................................38 Questions .........................................................................................................................39 Hypothesis .......................................................................................................................40 Analytical Methods .........................................................................................................41 Thesis Organization .........................................................................................................43 2 PHYSICAL, HISTORICAL, AND CULTURAL CONTEXTS ............................................47 Introduction.............................................................................................................................47 Physical Setting ......................................................................................................................47 The Mariana Islands ........................................................................................................54 Saipan .......................................................................................................................57 Guam ........................................................................................................................58 Cultural Background ...............................................................................................................60 Archaeological Background ...................................................................................................62 Pre-Latte Period (1000–3500 cal a BP) ...........................................................................64 Early Unai Phase (3000–3500 cal a BP) ..................................................................64 Middle Unai Phase (2500–3000 cal a BP) ...............................................................65 Late Unai Phase (1600‒2500 cal a BP) ....................................................................65 Huyong Phase (1000‒1600 cal a BP) .......................................................................66 5 The Latte Period (350‒1000 cal a BP) ............................................................................67 Previous Archaeology .....................................................................................................67 Historical Background ............................................................................................................68 The Spanish Colonial Period (AD 1521–1898) ...............................................................69 The First U.S. American Period in Guam (AD 1898–1941) ...........................................70 The German Colonial Period in the Northern Marianas (AD 1899‒1914) .....................70 The Japanese Colonial Period in Saipan (AD 1914‒1944) .............................................72 The Japanese World War II Period (AD 1941–1944) .....................................................73 U.S. American World War II Period (AD 1945–1948) ...................................................73 The Second U.S. American Period (AD 1948–Present) ..................................................74 Ethnohistory of Marine Resource Exploitation ......................................................................74 Southeast Asia and the Pacific ........................................................................................75 The Marianas ...................................................................................................................80 3 ARCHAEOLOGICAL TESTING AND LABORATORY ANALYSIS ...............................94 Introduction.............................................................................................................................94 Methods ..................................................................................................................................94 Excavation .......................................................................................................................94 Laboratory .......................................................................................................................96 Results.....................................................................................................................................99 Bapot‒1 ............................................................................................................................99 Stratigraphy ..............................................................................................................99 Laboratory results ...................................................................................................102 Summary and Discussion of Bapot‒1 Results...............................................................122 Ritidian Grotto ...............................................................................................................126 Stratigraphy ............................................................................................................127 Laboratory Results .................................................................................................128 Summary and Discussion of Ritidian Grotto Results ....................................................141 4 FISHERIES SCIENCE ANALYSIS AND RESULTS ........................................................195 Introduction...........................................................................................................................195 Methods ................................................................................................................................196 Results...................................................................................................................................201 Morphometric Analyses (Anadara cf. antiquata) .........................................................201 Morphometric Analyses (Gafrarium pectinatum) .........................................................204 Age-Based Analyses (Anadara