BUP JOURNAL Editorial Board Editor-in-Chief Major General Abul Kalam Md Humayun Kabir, ndu, psc Vice Chancellor, BUP Editor Colonel Md. Nazrul Islam, psc Inspector of Colleges, BUP Members Dr. Atiqur Rahman Adjunct Professor, John Cabot University Prof. Dr. Khandoker Mokkadem Hossain Rome, Italy Institute of Disaster Managment & Vulnerability Studies, University of Dhaka Prof. Dr. Nazmul Ahsan Kalimullah Department of Public Administration Prof. Dr. Delwar Hossain University of Dhaka Department of International Relations Faculty of Social Sciences Dr. Md. Abdur Rauf University of Dhaka Department of Civil Engineering Bangladesh University of Engineering and Kabir M Ashraf Alam Technology, Dhaka Director General, National Institute of Local Government (NILG) Prof. Dr. M Kaykobad Institute of Information & Communication Brigadier General Technology, Bangladesh University of Syed Mofazzel Mawla (Retd) Engineering and Technology, Dhaka Controller of Examinations, BUP Dr. Nazrul Islam Brigadier General Dean, Faculty of Business Administration Shah Atiqur Rahman, ndc, psc Eastern University, Dhaka Registrar, BUP Prof. Dr. Kamal Uddin Ahmed Group Captain SMG Yeazdani Chairman, Department of English psc, PhD European University of Bangladesh, Dhaka Dean and Professor, Faculty of General Studies, BUP Assistant Editors: A T M Mozaffor Hossain Dr. Mohammad Lutfur Rahman Assistant Inspector of Colleges Assistant Professor BUP Faculty of Technical & Engineering Studies BUP Editorial Policy The BUP JOURNAL is published once in a year. The BUP JOURNAL is of a multidimensional nature and welcomes research based scholarly articles on - but not restricted to - development, security, education, science, technology, engineering, good governance, environment and disaster management, socio-economics, medical science and other fields related to the development of Bangladesh. Each article submitted is sent for opinion and assessment to reviewers/assessors who are experts in the respective field of study. Articles recommended by them are generally accepted for publication. The authors are required to revise/edit/rewrite their papers according to the suggestions/opinions of the reviewers/assessors. If any article is not published, it is not returned to the author. So, the author is requested to keep a duplicate copy of the article. No acceptance letter is given unless the article is finally selected for publication by the editorial board. Submission must be prepared according to the format under heading "A Guide to Preparing Manuscripts for BUP JOURNAL (ISSN: 2219-4851)". Please note that the Editorial Board recommends "MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers" (7th edition) written by Joseph Gibaldi for documentation. Articles may be submitted any time throughout the year. The soft-copy of the article is to be submitted to: <[email protected]>. Two hard-copies along with a CD of the article(s) are to be submitted to the Editor, BUP JOURNAL, BUP, Mirpur Cantonment, Dhaka - 1216. BUP JOURNAL considers all manuscripts on the strict compliance that they have been submitted only to BUP JOURNAL and they have neither been published already nor under consideration for publication elsewhere. Responsibility for the contents of the article rests solely upon the author(s). The Editorial Board does not bear any responsibility for the views expressed in the article or any complaint against the articles published in the Journal. It is the authors who have to take the responsibility if there is any plagiarism in the respective article(s). Therefore, the authors have to attach a declaration of authenticity with the article. Please also note that, the Editor may invite the author(s) for discussion about the contents of the article and need of revision/editing. i Message from Editor-in-Chief I am both elated and excited to be able to present you the first Journal of BUP. Publication of this journal is truly a hallmark event in the history of our university. As the intellectual mirror, such journal reflects a great deal of individual as well as collective wisdom, sagacity and knowledge. I am certain that BUP JOURNAL shall also bear similar essence and unfold vistas of new ideas and knowledge before our readers. When I visit other organizations and attend various programme, I am often asked about the state and standard of BUP. My responses have been emphatically optimistic, because we are determined to make BUP's future brighter. Our highly dedicated faculties and staffs, motivated students and positional advantages are all set to ensure that lofty goal. Our recent events and achievements have generated much hopes and zeal to push BUP to greater heights. We shall harness this renewed vigour to advance BUP's leadership role in tertiary education. We plan to turn our university into a seat of superb higher learning, outstanding co and extra curricula activities and ground-breaking researches, braving all shortcomings and challenges as a new university. We are happy to reveal that soon our campus, with modern class rooms, auditorium, offices, library and labs would be completed. We are hiring more capable faculties and staffs for imparting and supporting learning and teaching. Digitization of the university has already been done successfully. Indeed, we are continuously seeking ways and means to ensure our students' university education and their BUP experiences more rewarding and fulfilling. Finally, I take this opportunity to congratulate and commend the Editorial Board, all contributors/authors, reviewers and all others involved in the process of the publication of this journal. On the whole, I express my profound satisfaction and exhilaration on this momentous occasion. Wish you all happy reading! Major General Abul Kalam Md Humayun Kabir, ndu, psc Vice Chancellor Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) iii Editor's Note I feel immense pleasure to see the BUP JOURNAL finally coming to light. It has been a long, but worth-the-time venture. The BUP JOURNAL is dedicated to ensure high standards of quality. We, at the editorial board, had a pleasant surprise at the enthusiastic response from the authors, both home and abroad. We received a large number of scholarly research articles, all of which were sent to renowned resource persons both at home and abroad for reviews. And, after a rigorous selection process, the first issue of the BUP JOURNAL came out with ten research oriented scholarly articles. I believe the articles would suit the ''Excellence Through Knowledge'' motto of the University, as well as meet the international standard. Due to being this Journal is of a multidimensional nature, we have had to accommodate articles on various field of studies and disciplines like management and business, linguistics and literature, economics, environment, engineering, medical science etc. Because of various reasons, for the time being the journal is conceived in the way it is, but with time, it will be developed further, and will be divided into different disciplines, with more articles coming in, and expression of wider interest in the journal. Mentionable that, no uniform documentation system was followed in the first issue, rather the articles followed technical standard of references, which is methodical and conforms to accepted standard of professional Journals. However, the authors are requested to prepare manuscripts according to the latest MLA Style Manual, which will be applicable from the second issue. Authors are requested to follow the instructions given at page no. v under title "A Guide to Preparing Manuscripts for BUP JOURNAL (ISSN: 2219-4851)." Notable that the members of the editorial board and the assessors have employed much toil in assessing the articles referred to them and each of the articles that have been finally selected for publication has had to undergo a strict assessment process. I would like to convey my special thanks to the learned members of the Editorial Board who have made their valuable comments to standardize the articles and enrich the journal. I also express my heartfelt gratitude to all the reviewers, without whose meticulous and invaluable cooperation the BUP JOURNAL would not be a success. I am greatly indebted to the Editor-in-Chief and Vice Chancellor of BUP Major General Abul Kalam Md Humayun Kabir, ndu, psc for his immense support and guidance throughout the whole process. We shall welcome any kind of comments or suggestions which may contribute to improve the quality of BUP JOURNAL. Colonel Md. Nazrul Islam, psc iv A Guide to Preparing Manuscripts for BUP JOURNAL (ISSN 2219-4851) 1. Front Page: It should contain title of the paper, author's name (s), affiliation, mailing addresses with Email, abstract and keywords. 2. Text Pages: The text of the paper includes text, references and notes, tables, figure captions, figures, but without the names of authors. 3. Text Range: From 6 to 18 Pages (2000 to 5000 words approximately) including documentation. 4. Typing/Printing: Times New Roman, font size 11; Lines are justified at both left & right margin; Printed on one side of the paper. 5. Paper Size: It is to be A4 size (must for soft copy). 6. Spelling: Either British or American style of spelling can be followed but mixing of these two will not be entertained. 7. Abstract: It is to be placed at the beginning of every article (150-200 words). It must be 1 inch indented at both left & right margin, Italicized with font size 10. 8. Tables and Illustrations: Any source(s) or note(s) are to be given immediately below the table. Single-spaces are to be maintained throughout the lines of the table. 9. Documentation: Author(s) are requested to follow "MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers" (7th edition) written by Joseph Gibaldi for documentation. v BUP JOURNAL, Volume 1, Issue 1, September 2012, ISSN: 2219-4851 23 Quest for an Effective and Efficient Local Government: Local Government in Japan and Policy Implication for Local Government in Bangladesh Mohammad Shahjahan Chowdhury * Chowdhury Abdullah Al-Hossienie ** Abstract The aim of this paper is to identify the actors and factors which are important for effective functioning of local government.