Conservation Science and Practice Series Managing and Designing Landscapes for Conservation: Moving from Perspectives to Principles Edited by David B. Lindenmayer Richard J. Hobbs Managing and Designing Landscapes for Conservation Conservation Science and Practice Series Published in association with the Zoological Society of London Blackwell Publishing and the Zoological Society of London are proud to present our new Conservation Science and Practice volume series. Each book in the series reviews a key issue in conservation today. We are particularly keen to publish books that address the multidisciplinary aspects of conservation, looking at how biological scientists and ecologists are interacting with social scientists to effect long-term, sustainable conservation measures. Books in the series can be single or multi-authored and proposals should be sent to: Ward Cooper, Senior Commissioning Editor, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK. Email: [email protected] Each book proposal will be assessed by independent academic referees, as well as our Series Editorial Panel. Members of the Panel include: Richard Cowling, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan, Port Elizazbeth, South Africa John Gittleman, Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, USA Andrew Knight, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan, Port Elizazbeth, South Africa Georgina Mace, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, UK Daniel Pauly, University of British Columbia, Canada Stuart Pimm, Duke University, USA Hugh Possingham, University of Queensland, Australia Peter Raven, Missouri Botanical Gardens, USA Michael Samways, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa Nigel Stork, University of Melbourne, Australia Rosie Woodroffe, University of California, Davis, USA Conservation Science and Practice Series Managing and Designing Landscapes for Conservation: Moving from Perspectives to Principles Edited by David B. Lindenmayer Richard J. Hobbs © 2007 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd BLACKWELL PUBLISHING 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. First published 2007 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd 1 2007 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Landscapes for conservation: moving from perspectives to principles / edited by David B. Lindenmayer, Richard J. Hobbs. p. cm. – (Conservation science and practice series) “Published in association with the Zoological Society of London.” Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4051-5914-2 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Ecological landscape design. 2. Landscape protection. I. Lindenmayer, David. II. Hobbs, R. J. (Richard J.) III. Zoological Society of London. SB472.45.L363 2008 712–dc22 2007016681 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library. Set in 10.5/12.4 Minion by Newgen Imaging Systems, Chennai. Printed and bound in Singapore by Fabulous Printers Pte Ltd The publisher’s policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a sustainable forestry policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp processed using acid-free and elementary chlorine-free practices. Furthermore, the publisher ensures that the text paper and cover board used have met acceptable environmental accreditation standards. For further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our website: www.blackwellpublishing.com Contents Foreword: Landscapes in Peril xi 1 Introduction 1 David B. Lindenmayer and Richard J. Hobbs Section 1: Classification of Landscapes and Terminology 7 2 The Whole Elephant: Classification and Terminology as Tools for Achieving Generality in Landscape Ecology 9 S. McIntyre 3 Enacting Landscape Design: from Specific Cases to General Principles 22 Yrjö Haila 4 Landscape Models for Use in Studies of Landscape Change and Habitat Fragmentation 35 David B. Lindenmayer and J. Fischer 5 Synthesis: Landscape Classification 49 David. B. Lindenmayer and Richard J. Hobbs Section 2: Habitat, Habitat Loss and Patch Sizes 53 6 Remnant Geometry, Landscape Morphology, and Principles and Procedures for Landscape Design 55 Ralph Mac Nally 7 Estimating Minimum Habitat for Population Persistence 64 Lenore Fahrig 8 Habitat and Landscape Design: Concepts, Constraints and Opportunities 81 James R. Miller 9 Synthesis: Habitat, Habitat Loss and Patch Sizes 96 David. B. Lindenmayer and Richard J. Hobbs vi Contents Section 3: Structure, Degradation and Condition 99 10 Nature’s Infinite Variety: Conservation Choice and Management for Dynamic Ecological Systems 101 J.C.Z. Woinarski 11 The Diverse Impacts of Grazing, Fire and Weeds: How Ecological Theory Can Inform Conservation Management 111 Don A. Driscoll 12 Forest Landscape Structure, Degradation and Condition: Some Commentary and Fundamental Principles 131 Jerry F. Franklin and Mark E. Swanson 13 Synthesis: Structure, Degradation and Condition 146 David. B. Lindenmayer and Richard J. Hobbs Section 4: Edge Effects 149 14 Incorporating Edge Effects into Landscape Design and Management 151 Thomas D. Sisk 15 Edge Effects 165 David B. Lindenmayer and J. Fischer 16 Edges: Where Landscape Elements Meet 179 Gary W. Luck 17 Synthesis: Edge Effects 195 David. B. Lindenmayer and Richard J. Hobbs Section 5: Total Vegetation Cover, Pattern, Patch Content 199 18 Emergent Properties of Land Mosaics: Implications for Land Management and Biodiversity Conservation 201 Andrew F. Bennett and James Q. Radford 19 Assessing the Biodiversity Value of Stands and Patches in a Landscape Context 215 Philip Gibbons, S.V. Briggs, Andre Zerger, Danielle Ayers, Julian Seddon and Stuart Doyle 20 Avoiding Irreversible Change: Considerations for Vegetation Cover, Vegetation Structure and Species Composition 229 Joern Fischer and David B. Lindenmayer Contents . vii 21 Synthesis: Total Vegetation Cover, Pattern and Patch Content 245 David. B. Lindenmayer and Richard J. Hobbs Section 6: Connectivity, Corridors, Stepping Stones 249 22 Corridors, Connectivity and Biological Conservation 251 F.K.A. Schmiegelow 23 Focal Species for Determining Connectivity Requirements in Conservation Planning 263 Reed F. Noss 24 Connectivity, Corridors and Stepping Stones 280 Denis A. Saunders 25 Synthesis: Corridors, Connectivity and Stepping Stones 290 David. B. Lindenmayer and Richard J. Hobbs Section 7: Individual Species Management – Threatened Taxa and 293 Invasive Species 26 Individual Species Management: Threatened Taxa and Invasive Species 295 Daniel Simberloff 27 Managing Landscapes for Vulnerable, Invasive and Disease Species 311 Erika Zavaleta and Jae Ryan Pasari 28 Tools for Conserving Managing Individual Plant Species in Dynamic Landscapes 330 Mark Burgman, Jane Elith, Emma Gorrod and Bonnie Wintle 29 Synthesis: Individual Species Management – Threatened Taxa and Invasive Species 343 David. B. Lindenmayer and Richard J. Hobbs Section 8: Ecosystems and Ecosystem Processes 347 30 Ecosystems, Ecosystem Processes and Global Change: Implications for Landscape Design 349 Adrian D. Manning 31 The Costs of Losing and of Restoring Ecosystem Services 365 H.A. Mooney viii Contents 32 Managing Disturbance Across Scales: An Essential Consideration for Landscape Management and Design 376 Viki A. Cramer 33 Synthesis: Ecosystems and Ecosystem Processes 390 David. B. Lindenmayer and Richard J. Hobbs Section 9: Disturbance, Resilience and Recovery 393 34 Disturbance, Resilience and Recovery: A Resilience Perspective on Landscape Dynamics 395 Brian Walker 35 Core Principles for Using Natural Disturbance Regimes to Inform Landscape Management 408 Malcolm L. Hunter Jr. 36 Synthesis: Disturbance, Resilience and Recovery 423 David. B. Lindenmayer and Richard J. Hobbs Section 10: Aquatic Ecosystems and Integrity 427 37 Principles for Conserving Wetlands in Managed Landscapes 429 Aram J.K. Calhoun 38 Flowing Waters in the Landscape 445 P.S. Lake 39 Water in the Landscape: The Coupling of Aquatic Ecosystems and their Catchments 458 Peter Cullen 40 Synthesis: Aquatic Ecosystems and Integrity 473 David. B. Lindenmayer and Richard J. Hobbs Section 11: Bringing It All Together 477 41 Does Conservation Need Landscape Ecology? A Perspective from Both Sides of the Divide 479 John A. Wiens 42 What Are We Conserving? Establishing Multiscale Conservation Goals and Objectives in the Face of Global Threats 494 J. Michael Scott and Timothy H. Tear Contents . ix 43 Goals, Targets and Priorities for Landscape-Scale Restoration 511 Richard J. Hobbs 44 A Contribution to the Development of a Conceptual Framework for Landscape Management: A Landscape State and Transition Model 527 Peter Cale 45 Principles of Landscape Design that Emerge from a Formal Problem-Solving Approach 546 Hugh P. Possingham and Emily Nicholson 46 From Perspectives to Principles: Where to From Here? 561 Richard J. Hobbs and David. B. Lindenmayer Index 569 Foreword: Landscapes in Peril Paul R. Ehrlich While many environmental scientists and some politicians are focused on climate change as a major threat to both biodiversity and the supply of crucial ecosystem services to humanity, a connected and likely equally daunting chal- lenge is runaway land-use change. Indeed, the future of biodiversity greatly depends on the future of agricultural