1926 Photo IDs 1 Anna M. Starr, Mount Holyoke College, South 25 Aravilla M. Taylor, Lake Erie College, Painesville OH Hadley MA 26 Norman Taylor, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 2 Wladysaw Szafer, Botanical Institute, University of Brooklyn NY Krakow, Poland 27 Adolf E. Waller, Ohio State University, Columbus OH 3 Karel Domin, Charles University, Prague, 28 Ethel M. Mygrant, University of Minnesota, Czechoslovakia Minneapolis MN 4 Arthur G. Tansley, Cambridge University, 29 Helen J. Brown, Ohio State University, Columbus OH Cambridge MA 30 Henry Teuscher, Morton Arboretum, Lisle IL 5 Homer Leroy Shantz, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ 31 Marie McElreath, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 6 Eduard August Rubel, Technical University, Zurich, Switzerland 32 Mathilde H. Krenz, University of Illinois, Urbana IL 7 Carl Johan Fredrik Skottsberg, Botanical Garden, 33 Carol Y. Mason, University of Illinois, Urbana IL Gothenburg, Sweden 34 Laetitia Morris Snow, Wellesley College, Wellesley MA 8 Thomas William Woodhead, Technical College, 35 Mrs. Theodore MacFarlane (Nellie Malura Cross) Huddersfield, UK Knappen, George Washington University, 9 Gustav Einar DuRitz, Plant Biological Institution, Washington DC Uppsala, Sweden 36 Edgar Theodore Wherry, U.S. Department of 10 Greta DuRitz, Plant Biological Institution, Agriculture, Washington DC Uppsala, Sweden 37 George Elwood Nicholas, Yale University, 11 Alexandre Borza, University of Cluj, Romania New Haven CT 12 Henry Chandler Cowles, University of Chicago, 38 Henry Allan Gleason, New York Botanical Garden, Chicago IL New York NY 13 George Damon Fuller, University of Chicago, 39 Elizabeth H. Cowles, University of Chicago, Chicago IL Chicago IL 40 William Skinner Cooper, University of Minnesota, 14 William L. Bray, Syracuse University, Syracuse NY Minneapolis MN 15 Eleonora E. Sagerstrom, Syracuse University, 41 Meyer Halushka, John Marshall High School, Syracuse NY Chicago IL 16 Mrs. Karel Domin, Prague, Czechoslovakia 42 Clarence Ferdinand Korstian, U.S. Forest Service, Asheville NC 17 James Willilam Toumey, Yale University, New Haven CT 43 Arthur P. Kelley, Rutgers University, New Brunswick NJ 18 Barrington Moore, Washington DC 44 Herbert T. Vogt, Western State Normal College, Kalamazoo MI 19 Harriet George [Barclay], University of Chicago, Chicago IL 45 Alvar Palmgren, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland 20 Frank Caleb Gates, Kansas Agricultural College, 46 Rafael Zon, U.S. Forest Service, Washington DC Manhattan KS 47 Millard S. Markle, Earlham College, Richmond IN 21 John B. Egerton, Calvert Hall College, 48 Samuel T. Dana, Northeastern Forest Experiment Baltimore MD Station, Amherst MA 22 Charles Christian Plitt, University of Maryland, 49 Charles Clemon Deam, State Forester, Bluffton IN Baltimore MD 50 Selden Richarad Warner, Sam Houston State Teachers 23 John H. Ehlers, University of Michigan, College, Huntsville TX Ann Arbor MI 24 Lena Bondurant Henderson, Rockford College, Rockford IL A Centennial History of the Ecological Society of America Past Presidents at the 75th Anniversary Meeting, 1990. (Standing: Jane Lubchenco, Forest Stearns, Bruce Menge, Ron Pulliam, Larry Bliss, Francis Evans, Gwen Bliss, Bob Paine, possibly Mrs. Francis Evans (?), Dick Root, Mrs. Gene Likens, Gene Likens, Carole Levin, Simon Levin, Paul Risser, Margaret Davis, Frank Golley, Dwight Billings, Dennis Knight, Judy Knight. Seated: Mrs. Forest Stearns, Eugene Odum, Jean Langenheim, Hal Mooney, Rexford Daubenmire, possibly Mrs. Art Hasler (?), Art Hasler.) A Centennial History of the Ecological Society of America Frank N. Egerton Front cover: Robert MacArthur’s warblers. Painting copyright Debby Kaspari. Used with permission. All rights reserved. Back cover: The photo of Edward O. Wilson was taken in 2003 by Jim Harrison of the Harvard News Office. Used with permission. All rights reserved. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20150410 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-0070-2 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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CCC is a not-for-profit organization that pro- vides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photo- copy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Dedication In recognition of ESA ecologist–historians, particularly Allee, Barrett, Beidleman, Billings, Blair, Bowers, Burgess, Clements, Coleman, Croker, F. Davis, Dexter, Fretwell, Frey, Golley, Gorham, Hasler, Hutchinson, Kaspari, Kendeigh, Kingsland, Lussenhop, McGinnnies, McIntosh, Mills, E. Odum, T. Park, P. Price, Sagarin, Simberloff, Slack, Wilson, Zedler, and ESA ecologists who have published autobiographies, particularly Beebe, Bormann, E. Clements, Colinvaux, Ehrlich, Gorham, Harshberger, Hutchinson, Keever, Lovejoy, Norse, Patrick, Pearse, Slobodkin, Sumner, Whittaker, Wilson, and Woodwell JSTOR, a not-for-prot digital library, is the provider and archive for the biographic information and images for many signicant ecologists, ofcers, and award winners, as well as signicant information on the Ecological Society of America including its organizational structure, membership composition, and performance of its journals. All material from the Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America is reprinted with permission. Contents List of Figures ...........................................................................................................xi Acknowledgments .................................................................................................. xiii Ecological Society of America History: Introduction .............................................xv Chapter 1 1914 to 1929: Origins ...........................................................................1 Chapter 2 1930 to 1944: Challenges ...................................................................29 Chapter 3 1945 to 1959: Expansion..................................................................... 53 Chapter 4 1960 to 1974: The International Biological Program (IBP), The Institute of Ecology, and Others .........................................................77 Chapter 5 1975 to 1989: The International Biological Program (Concluded), the Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network, Ecosystems, Professional Certication, and Gender ........ 107 Chapter 6 1990 to 2004: New Journals, the Sustainable Biosphere Initiative (SBI), Strategies for Education in Ecology, Development, and Sustainability (SEEDS), and More ..................... 135 Chapter 7 2005 to 2015: A Sustainable Biosphere and the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) ...................................... 167 Chapter 8 ESA History: Conclusions ................................................................203 Appendix A: Ecological Society of America (ESA) Officers ............................205 Appendix B: Seven of the ESA Awards ..............................................................209 Mercer Award ...................................................................................209 Eminent Ecologist Award ................................................................. 210 Distinguished Service Citation ......................................................... 212 Robert H. MacArthur Award ........................................................... 212 William S. Cooper Award ................................................................ 213 E. Lucy Braun Award ....................................................................... 214 Eugene P. Odum Award.................................................................... 214 ESA Bibliography ................................................................................................ 217 Special Abbreviations....................................................................... 217 Literature .........................................................................................